xELEKTROSVITNOV electrical components Germany xELEKTROSVITNOV model xELEKTROSVITNOV price

xELEKTROSVITNOV electrical component is an electronic device with three terminals, made of three parts of semiconductors with different doping levels. The charge flow in the transistor is mainly due to the diffusion and drift movement of carriers at the PN junction. The operation of this transistor involves the flow of both electrons and holes, so it is called bipolar, also known as a bipolar junction transistor. This operating mode is different from unipolar transistors such as field-effect transistors, whose operation only involves the drift of one type of carrier. The boundary between two regions with different dopants is formed by the PN junction. Bipolar transistors can amplify signals and have good power control, high-speed operation, and durability, so they are often used to form amplifier circuits or drive devices such as speakers and motors, and are widely used in aerospace engineering, medical devices, and robotics applications.

xELEKTROSVITNOV electrical component functions

A multimeter can not only measure the resistance of the object under test, but also AC and DC voltages, including DC voltage. Some multimeters can even measure the main parameters of transistors and the capacitance of capacitors. Proficient mastery of multimeter usage is one of the most basic skills in electronic technology. Common multimeters include analog multimeters and digital multimeters. An analog multimeter is a multifunctional measuring instrument with a meter head as the core component, and the measured value is read by the pointer of the meter head. The measured value of a digital multimeter is directly displayed in numerical form on an LCD screen, which is convenient to read, and some also have voice prompt functions. A multimeter is an instrument that integrates a voltmeter, ammeter, and ohmmeter using a common meter head. The DC current range of a multimeter is a multi-range DC ammeter. Connecting a shunt resistor in parallel with the meter head can expand its current range. The DC voltage range of a multimeter is a multi-range DC voltmeter. Connecting a voltage divider resistor in series with the meter head can expand its voltage range. Different voltage divider resistors correspond to different ranges. The meter head of a multimeter is a magnetoelectric measuring mechanism, which can only pass DC. By using diodes to convert AC to DC, AC measurement is achieved.

xELEKTROSVITNOV electrical component principle

A Schottky diode is a metal-semiconductor device made by using noble metals (gold, silver, aluminum, platinum, etc.) A as the anode and N-type semiconductor B as the cathode, utilizing the rectifying characteristics of the barrier formed at their contact surface. Because there are a large number of electrons in the N-type semiconductor and only a very small number of free electrons in the noble metal, electrons diffuse from the high-concentration B to the low-concentration A. Obviously, there are no holes in the metal A, so there is no hole diffusion movement from A to B. As electrons continuously diffuse from B to A, the electron concentration on the surface of B gradually decreases, destroying surface electrical neutrality, thus forming a barrier whose electric field direction is B → A. However, under the influence of this electric field, electrons in A also produce a drift movement from A → B, thereby weakening the electric field formed by the diffusion movement. When a space charge region of a certain width is established, the electron drift movement caused by the electric field and the electron diffusion movement caused by the concentration difference reach a relative balance, forming a Schottky barrier. The internal circuit structure of a typical Schottky rectifier uses N-type semiconductor as the substrate, on which an N-epitaxial layer doped with arsenic is formed. The anode uses materials such as molybdenum or aluminum to form a barrier layer. Silicon dioxide is used to eliminate the electric field in the edge region and increase the withstand voltage of the tube. The N-type substrate has a very small on-state resistance, and its doping concentration is 100% times higher than that of the H-layer. An N+ cathode layer is formed under the substrate to reduce the contact resistance of the cathode. By adjusting structural parameters, a Schottky barrier is formed between the N-type substrate and the anode metal.

xELEKTROSVITNOV electrical component applications

The main application of rectifiers is to convert AC power to DC power. Since all electronic devices require DC, but utility power is AC, rectifiers are indispensable inside the power supplies of all electronic devices unless batteries are used. Converting the voltage of a DC power supply is much more complex. One method of DC-DC conversion is to first convert the power to AC (using a device called an inverter), then use a transformer to change the AC voltage, and finally rectify it back to DC power. Rectifiers are also used for demodulation of AM radio signals. The signal may be amplified (increasing the amplitude of the signal) before demodulation; if not amplified, diodes with very low voltage drop must be used. When using rectifiers for demodulation, care must be taken to match capacitors and load resistors. If the capacitance is too small, too many high-frequency components will pass through; if too large, the signal will be suppressed. Rectification devices are also used to provide fixed-polarity voltage required for electric welding. Sometimes the output current of such circuits needs to be controlled, in which case thyristors (a type of silicon-controlled rectifier) replace diodes in bridge rectifiers, and their voltage output is adjusted by phase control triggering. Thyristors are also used in various railway locomotive systems to achieve fine tuning of traction motors.

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