xSCHNEIDERELECT electrical components Germany xSCHNEIDERELECT model xSCHNEIDERELECT price

xSCHNEIDERELECT electrical components are resistive devices with nonlinear voltage-current characteristics, primarily used for voltage clamping when circuits experience overvoltage, absorbing excess current to protect sensitive components. The resistive body material of varistors is semiconductor, making them a type of semiconductor resistor. The widely used "zinc oxide" varistor has a main body composed of divalent zinc and hexavalent oxygen. Therefore, from a material perspective, zinc oxide varistors are a type of "II-VI group oxide semiconductor". In Taiwan, China, varistors are called "surge absorbers", and are sometimes also referred to as "electric shock (surge) suppressors (absorbers)". Varistors are voltage-limiting protection devices. Utilizing the nonlinear characteristics of varistors, when overvoltage appears across the two poles of a varistor, it can clamp the voltage to a relatively fixed value, thereby protecting downstream circuits. The main parameters of varistors include: varistor voltage, current handling capacity, junction capacitance, response time, etc. The response time of varistors is at the ns level, faster than gas discharge tubes, but slightly slower than TVS tubes. Generally, their response speed meets the requirements for overvoltage protection in electronic circuits. The junction capacitance of varistors is typically in the range of hundreds to thousands of Pf, making them often unsuitable for direct application in high-frequency signal line protection. When applied in AC circuit protection, their larger junction capacitance increases leakage current, which must be fully considered in protection circuit design. Varistors have a large current handling capacity, but smaller than that of gas discharge tubes. Varistors, abbreviated as VDR, are voltage-sensitive nonlinear overvoltage protection semiconductor components.

xSCHNEIDERELECT electrical component principle

The basic principle of a multimeter uses a sensitive moving-coil DC ammeter (microammeter) as the meter head. When a small current passes through the meter head, it provides a current indication. However, the meter head cannot handle large currents, so resistors must be connected in parallel and series with the meter head to shunt or reduce voltage, thereby measuring current, voltage, and resistance in the circuit. The measurement process of a digital multimeter converts the measured quantity into a DC voltage signal via a conversion circuit, then converts the analog voltage into a digital quantity using an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter. It is then counted by an electronic counter, and finally, the measurement result is displayed directly as numbers on the screen. The voltage, current, and resistance measurement functions of a multimeter are implemented through the conversion circuit part. Current and resistance measurements are based on voltage measurement, meaning digital multimeters are expanded from digital DC voltmeters. The A/D converter in a digital DC voltmeter converts continuously changing analog voltage quantities over time into digital quantities. An electronic counter counts these digital quantities to obtain the measurement result, which is then displayed by a decoding display circuit. Logic control circuits coordinate the circuit's operation, completing the entire measurement process sequentially under the action of a clock.

xSCHNEIDERELECT electrical component composition

A diode is formed by a PN junction plus corresponding electrode leads and package casing. Using different doping processes and diffusion, P-type semiconductors and N-type semiconductors are fabricated on the same semiconductor substrate (usually silicon or germanium). A space charge region, called the PN junction, forms at their interface. The electrode led from the P region is called the anode, and the electrode led from the N region is called the cathode. Due to the unidirectional conductivity of the PN junction, when the diode conducts, current flows from the anode through the interior of the tube to the cathode. A diode has two electrodes: the electrode led from the P region is the positive pole, also called the anode; the electrode led from the N region is the negative pole, also called the cathode.

xSCHNEIDERELECT electrical component features

Most microphones are electret condenser microphones (ECM), a technology with a history of several decades. The working principle of ECM utilizes a polymer diaphragm with permanently isolated charges. Compared to the polymer diaphragm of ECM, MEMS microphones exhibit stable performance across different temperatures, unaffected by temperature, vibration, humidity, and time. Due to strong heat resistance, MEMS microphones can withstand high-temperature reflow soldering without any change in performance. Since sensitivity changes very little before and after assembly, this can even save audio debugging costs during manufacturing. Currently, integrated circuit processes are increasingly widely applied in the manufacturing of sensors and sensor interface ICs. This microfabrication process offers advantages such as precision, flexible design, miniaturization, integration with signal processing circuits, low cost, and mass production. A fundamental resonant frequency in such a low frequency band results in highly uneven frequency response within the auditory frequency range for the microphone, which is unacceptable for microphone applications. When tensile stress exists within the sensitive membrane, its resonant frequency increases, but at the cost of sensitivity. Of course, higher fundamental resonant frequencies can be achieved by adjusting the size of the sensitive membrane, but this still reduces sensitivity. Thus, piezoresistive schemes are not suitable for manufacturing miniature microphones. A feasible solution is to use capacitive schemes to manufacture miniature microphones. The advantage of this method is that all materials used in integrated circuit manufacturing processes can be used for sensor manufacturing. However, manufacturing micro-microphones using single-chip processes is quite difficult because the air medium between the two capacitor plates can only have a very small gap. Moreover, due to size limitations, bias voltage is difficult to satisfy in some application scenarios. Due to these issues, research on capacitive microphones has continued. Compared to traditional electret microphones, micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) microphones offer advantages such as small size, good heat resistance, good consistency, good stability, high reliability, and RF interference immunity. They can also output digital signals, facilitating intelligent development.

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