German VARTA plug VARTA model VARTA price

VARTA plug is the public communication backbone for transmitting information between various functional components of a computer. It is a transmission bundle composed of conductors. According to the type of information transmitted by the computer, the computer bus can be divided into data bus, address bus, and control bus, which are used to transmit data, data addresses, and control signals, respectively. The bus is an internal structure; it is the common channel for cpu, memory, input, and output devices to transmit information. The various components of the host are connected via the bus, and external devices are connected to the bus through corresponding interface circuits, thereby forming the computer hardware system. In a computer system, the public path for transmitting information between various components is called the bus. Microcomputers connect various functional components using a bus structure.

VARTA plug principle

The bus is a shared data transmission device. Although multiple devices can be connected to the bus, typically only one pair of devices participates in data transmission at any given time. According to the form of information transmission, buses can be divided into parallel buses and serial buses. A parallel bus simultaneously transmits n bits of binary information using n transmission lines. Its characteristics include high transmission speed, but the system structure is more complex; it is used for connections between components within a computer system. A serial bus shares a single transmission line for multi-bit binary information, with bits transmitted sequentially over time. Its characteristics include a simple structure, but its transmission speed is slower. The bus must have clear specifications: bus timing protocols, meaning that certain timing rules must be followed when transmitting information on the bus, such as synchronous bus timing, asynchronous bus timing, and semi-synchronous bus timing. The physical characteristics of the bus include the electrical characteristics of signals, power, and addresses, as well as the mechanical characteristics of wiring and connectors. Bus bandwidth is the maximum transmission rate achievable by the bus, and its unit is MB/S.

VARTA plug types

1) 232-C is a serial physical interface standard established by the American EIA (Electronic Industry Association). RS is the abbreviation for "Recommended Standard," 232 is the identification number, and C indicates the number of revisions. The RS-232-C bus standard features 25 signal lines, including a main channel and an auxiliary channel. In most cases, the main channel is primarily used. For general full-duplex communication, only a few signal lines are required, such as one transmit line, one receive line, and one ground line. The RS-232-C standard specifies that the driver allows a capacitive load of 2500pF. The communication distance is limited by this capacitance. For example, when using a communication cable with 150pF/m, the maximum communication distance is 15m; if the capacitance per meter of cable decreases, the communication distance can increase. Another reason for the short transmission distance is that RS-232 uses unbalanced signal transmission, which suffers from common ground noise and an inability to suppress common-mode interference. Therefore, it is generally used for communication within 20m. 2) RS-485 bus: When communication distances range from tens of meters to several kilometers, the RS-485 serial bus standard is widely adopted. RS-485 uses balanced transmission and differential reception, thus possessing the ability to suppress common-mode interference. Additionally, the bus transceiver has high sensitivity and can detect voltages as low as 200mV, allowing transmission signals to be recovered over distances exceeding one kilometer. RS-485 operates in half-duplex mode, meaning only one point can be in the transmitting state at any time. Therefore, the transmitting circuit must be controlled by an enable signal. RS-485 is very convenient for multi-point interconnection, as it eliminates the need for many signal lines. Applying RS-485 allows networking to form distributed systems, permitting up to 32 drivers and 32 receivers to be connected in parallel.

VARTA plug safety parameters

1) Insulation resistance: Insulation resistance refers to the resistance value presented by leakage current generated within or on the surface of the insulating part of a connector when voltage is applied to it. It is mainly affected by factors such as insulating material, temperature, humidity, and contamination. The insulation resistance values provided in connector catalogs are generally specification values under standard atmospheric conditions; under certain environmental conditions, the insulation resistance value will decrease to varying degrees. Additionally, pay attention to the test voltage value for insulation resistance. According to Insulation Resistance (MΩ) = Voltage Applied to the Insulator (V) / Leakage Current (μA), applying different voltages yields different results. In connector testing, the applied voltages are generally 10V, 100V, and 500V. 2) Rated voltage: Dielectric strength is the critical voltage that the mutually insulating parts of a contact pair, or the insulating parts and ground, can withstand for a specified time without breakdown when subjected to a voltage higher than the rated voltage. It is mainly affected by contact pair spacing, creepage distance, geometric shape, insulator material, ambient temperature and humidity, and atmospheric pressure. 3) Mechanical life: The mechanical life of a connector refers to its mating cycle life, typically specified as 500 to 1000 cycles. When this specified mechanical life is reached, indicators such as the connector's contact resistance, insulation resistance, and dielectric strength should not exceed specified values. Strictly speaking, mechanical life is related to time; using 500 cycles over 10 years is obviously different from using 500 cycles over 1 years. First, select the number of contact pairs based on circuit requirements, while considering the connector's volume and total separation force. A larger number of contact pairs naturally results in a larger volume and a relatively greater total separation force. In cases with high reliability requirements where volume permits, two contact pairs can be connected in parallel to improve connection reliability. In connector plugs and sockets, pins (male contacts) and sockets (female contacts) are generally interchangeable in assembly. In actual use, selection can be made based on the live status at both ends of the plug and socket. For example, if the socket needs to remain live, choose a socket equipped with female contacts, because the live contacts are embedded in the insulator, making them less accessible to human touch and thus relatively safer. Mainly consider the electrical continuity of contact pairs during vibration, shock, and collision under specified frequency and acceleration conditions. Contact pairs may experience momentary open circuits under these dynamic stress conditions. Specified momentary interruption times are generally 1μs, 10μs, 100μs, 1ms, and 10ms. Note how to judge momentary interruption faults in contact pairs. It is currently considered that a fault in a closed contact pair (contact) can be determined when the voltage drop across its ends exceeds 50% of the power source electromotive force. In other words, there are two criteria for judging momentary interruption: duration and voltage drop, both of which are indispensable. Connectors generally consist of plugs and sockets, where the plug is also called a free-end connector and the socket is also called a fixed connector. Circuit connection and disconnection are achieved through the mating and separation of plugs and sockets, resulting in various connection methods for plugs and sockets. For circular connectors, the main methods are threaded coupling, bayonet coupling, and push-pull (ball-lock) coupling. Threaded coupling is the most common, offering advantages such as simple processing technology, low manufacturing cost, and wide applicability, but the connection speed is slower, making it unsuitable for occasions requiring frequent mating/unmating and rapid connections. Bayonet coupling has a faster connection speed due to the longer lead of its three bayonet slots, but its manufacturing is more complex and the cost is higher. Push-pull (ball-lock) coupling is the fastest among the three connection methods; it does not require rotational motion, only linear motion, to achieve connection, separation, and locking functions. As it belongs to the straight push-pull connection method, it is only suitable for connectors with low total separation force. It is generally more common in small connectors.

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