German KLAY sensor KLAY model KLAY price

KLAY sensors generally consist of 2 parts: the processing path and the processing element. The basic principle is based on the photoelectric effect, converting changes in the measured quantity into changes in optical signals, and then using photoelectric elements to further convert non-electrical signals into electrical signals. The photoelectric effect refers to illuminating an object with light, which can be viewed as a series of photons with certain energy bombarding the object. At this time, the photon energy is transferred to electrons, and the entire energy of one photon is absorbed by one electron at once. After the electron receives the energy transferred by the photon, its state changes, thereby producing corresponding electrical effects in the illuminated object. The photoelectric effect is usually divided into 3 categories: (1) The phenomenon where electrons escape from the surface of an object under the action of light is called the external photoelectric effect, such as in phototubes and photomultiplier tubes; (2) The phenomenon where the resistivity of an object changes under the action of light is called the internal photoelectric effect, such as in photoresistors and phototransistors; (3) The phenomenon where an object generates an electromotive force in a specific direction under the action of light is called the photovoltaic effect, such as in photocells.

KLAY sensor structure

It consists of two parts: the scale grating and the grating readhead. The figure on the right shows the structure of the grating ruler. The key part of the grating detection device is the grating readhead, which consists of a light source, condensing lens, index grating, photoelectric elements, and adjustment mechanisms. There are many structural forms of grating readheads, which are classified into direct-receiving readheads (also known as silicon photocell readheads, mirror-image readheads, beam-splitter readheads, and metal grating reflective readheads) based on structural characteristics and application scenarios.

KLAY sensor principle

The essence of a grating displacement sensor is to measure position using the grating pitch as a standard ruler. High-resolution grating rulers are generally expensive and difficult to manufacture. To improve system resolution, Moiré fringes need to be subdivided, and grating ruler sensor systems mostly use electronic subdivision methods. When two gratings overlap with a slight angle, Moiré fringes are generated in a direction roughly perpendicular to the grating lines. As the grating moves, the Moiré fringes move up and down accordingly. This converts the measurement of grating pitch into the measurement of the number of Moiré fringes. Within the width of one Moiré fringe, placing 4 photoelectric devices at specific intervals enables electronic subdivision and direction determination. For example, for a grating ruler with 50 line pairs/mm, the grating pitch is 0.02mm. If four-fold subdivision is used, counting pulses with a resolution of 5μm can be obtained, which achieves high precision in general industrial measurement and control. Since displacement is a vector, both its magnitude and direction must be detected, requiring at least two photoelectric signals with different phases. To eliminate common-mode interference, DC components, and even harmonics, differential amplifiers composed of low-drift operational amplifiers are typically used. The 4 photoelectric signals obtained from 4 photosensitive devices are sent to the input terminals of 2 differential amplifiers respectively. The two signals output from the differential amplifier have a phase difference of π/2. To obtain direction determination and counting pulses, these two signals need to be shaped, first into square waves with a duty cycle of 1:1. Then, by comparing the phases of the square waves, the movement direction of the grating ruler can be determined. By counting the square wave pulses, the displacement and speed of the grating ruler can be obtained.

KLAY sensor usage precautions

When plugging and unplugging the connector of the linear encoder sensor and the digital readout unit, ensure the power is turned off. Install an external protective cover whenever possible, and promptly remove chips and oil splashed onto the scale to strictly prevent any foreign matter from entering the housing of the linear encoder sensor. Regularly check whether the mounting and connection screws are loose. To extend the service life of the dust-proof sealing strip, apply a thin, even layer of silicone oil to the strip, taking care not to splash it onto the glass grating etched surface. To ensure the reliability of the linear encoder sensor, clean and wipe the linear encoder scale surface and the index grating surface at regular intervals using an ethanol mixture (each 50%), keeping the glass linear encoder scale surface clean. The linear encoder sensor must not be subjected to severe vibration or impact, as this may damage the linear encoder scale; if the scale fractures, the sensor will fail. Do not disassemble the linear encoder sensor yourself, and never arbitrarily change the relative spacing between the main scale and the secondary scale. Doing so may compromise the accuracy of the sensor and cause relative friction between the main and secondary scales, damaging the chrome layer and thus the grating lines, which renders the linear encoder unusable. Prevent oil and water from contaminating the linear encoder scale surface, as this can disrupt the distribution of the grating lines and cause measurement errors. Avoid operating the linear encoder sensor in environments with severe corrosive effects, to prevent corrosion of the chrome layer and the scale surface, which would degrade the quality of the linear encoder.

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