Germany KLAUS HOLGER sensor KLAUS HOLGER model KLAUS HOLGER price

KLAUS HOLGER sensors are devices that convert optical signals into electrical signals. Their operating principle is based on the photoelectric effect. The photoelectric effect refers to the phenomenon where electrons in a material absorb photon energy when light strikes certain substances, resulting in corresponding electrical effects. Based on the different manifestations of the photoelectric effect, it is classified into three categories: external photoelectric effect, internal photoelectric effect, and photovoltaic effect. Photoelectric devices include phototubes, photomultiplier tubes, photoresistors, photodiodes, phototransistors, and solar cells. The performance and characteristic curves of photoelectric devices are analyzed.

KLAUS HOLGER sensor operating principle

A magnetic induction sensor is a contact-type sensor; its structural schematic is shown in the figure. It consists of two alloy reeds with high magnetic permeability and low coercivity, sealed in a glass tube filled with inert gas. A certain overlap and appropriate gap are maintained between the two reeds, with gold-plated ends serving as contacts, and lead wires soldered outside the tube. When the magnetic induction intensity at the sensor's location is sufficiently high, the two reeds attract each other, closing the contacts; when the magnetic field weakens to a certain extent, the reeds release under their own elastic force. When driven by a permanent magnet, magnetic induction sensors are mostly used for detection, such as limit switches, replacing travel switches that rely on mechanical collision contact, thereby improving system reliability and service life. They are often used in PLC controllers as communication signals for position control.

KLAUS HOLGER sensor precautions

The voltage used for DC magnetic induction sensors is generally 3~30V DC, with a typical application voltage range of 5~24V DC. Excessively high voltage causes internal component temperature rise, making the sensor unstable, while excessively low voltage makes the magnetic field strength characteristics susceptible to external temperature changes, leading to circuit malfunction. When using Hall sensors to drive inductive loads, please connect freewheeling diodes in parallel across the load terminals; otherwise, transient high-voltage pulses during long-term operation of the inductive load will affect the service life of the Hall sensor. To ensure safety, please check whether the wiring is correct and verify that the voltage is the rated value before powering on.

KLAUS HOLGER sensor applications

1) Motor industry: Brushless motors offer a series of advantages, including small size, light weight, high efficiency, convenient speed regulation, low maintenance, long service life, and no electromagnetic interference, with annual demand reaching hundreds of millions. In brushless motors, magnetic sensors are used for rotor magnetic pole position sensing and stator armature current commutation. Many magnetic sensors, such as Hall devices, Wiegand devices, and magnetoresistive devices, can be used, but Hall devices are the most widely used. Rotational encoders are used for motor speed detection and control; optical encoders were commonly used in the past. Magnetic encoders are showing increasing advantages and are gradually replacing optical devices. Magnetic sensors can also be used for motor overload protection (mainly using Hall current sensors) and torque detection. 2) Power electronics technology: Power electronics technology is the combination of power technology and electronic technology, enabling mutual conversion between AC and DC currents, and allowing free regulation of current, voltage, and frequency within required ranges. Using these technologies and products, various special power supplies (such as UPS, high-frequency power supplies, switching power supplies, arc welder inverter power supplies, etc.) and AC variable frequency drives (AC VFDs are used for motor speed control, offering excellent energy-saving effects) can be manufactured. The core of these conversion devices is high-power semiconductor devices. Various current sensors based on magnetic sensors are used to monitor, control, and protect these high-power devices. Hall current sensors have fast response speeds and rely on magnetic field coupling with the controlled circuit without connecting to the main circuit, resulting in low power consumption, strong overload resistance, good linearity, and high reliability. They can serve as overcurrent protection drivers for high-power devices and as feedback devices, becoming a control link in automatic control loops. Using conversion technology can save significant amounts of energy; abroad, 95% of electrical energy is processed through conversion. Although conversion technology has received high attention domestically, only 5% of electrical energy undergoes this transformation, indicating huge application prospects. This area, which may absorb a large number of current sensors, represents another huge industrial application field for magnetic sensors. 3) Energy management: The automatic detection system of the power grid needs to collect large amounts of data, which, after computer processing, monitors the operating status of the power grid and performs load distribution adjustment and safety protection. Each control link of the automatic monitoring system can be implemented using current sensors and transformers based on magnetic sensors. Hall current sensors are gradually being applied in power grid systems. Electricity meters made with Hall devices have gradually shifted from research and development to practical application; they can automatically bill and display the power factor for timely adjustment, ensuring efficient electricity use. 4) Machine technology and information read/write heads: In addition to magnetic tapes and disks, magnetic information recording devices include magnetic cards, magnetic ink record books, and magnetic records on banknotes, creating huge demand for magnetic information storage and readout sensors. Inductive heads, thin-film magnetoresistive heads, and amorphous heads have been widely used. With the increase in recording density, for example, up to 100G bytes, heads with higher sensitivity and spatial resolution are required. Giant magnetoresistive heads based on multilayer metal films, amorphous alloy heads made from amorphous alloy wires, and giant magnetoimpedance heads are engaging in intense competition. 5) Automotive industry: A large number of motors are used in automobiles (advanced cars require approximately 40 to 60 motors per vehicle, while ordinary cars have 15 motors, showing a trend towards brushless designs). The extensive use of magnetic sensors in these motors is self-evident. Another area with extensive use of magnetic sensors is the automotive ABS system (Anti-lock Braking System), where each car uses an average of 4 to 6 speed sensors, mainly inductive speed sensors. New types of Hall gear sensors, which are being gradually promoted, as well as Wiegand devices, amorphous devices, and magnetoresistive devices, are about to enter this field. Additionally, there are speed sensors and igniters used for ignition timing in automobile engine systems. These aspects also mainly use inductive sensors. Hall gear sensors and Hall plate switches have already been used in some car models. According to Honeywell, by June 6, 1996, they had supplied 8000 ten thousand Hall vane switches and 300 ten thousand Hall gear speed sensors to the automotive industry. It is predicted that in the future, more than 30 magnetic sensors similar to Hall sensors will be adopted in a single car. Furthermore, in fields such as industrial automatic control, robotics, office automation, home appliances, and various security systems, in addition to the extensive use of brushless DC motors and AC variable frequency drives, a large number of magnetic temperature controllers are used in devices such as refrigerators, air conditioners, and rice cookers. By the mid-80s, the number exceeded hundreds of millions.

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