German Allen-Bradley sensors, Allen-Bradley models, Allen-Bradley prices

Allen-Bradley sensors are devices that convert magnetic signals into electrical signals. By leveraging the transformation relationship between magnetic quantities and other physical quantities, and using a magnetic field as a medium, they can also convert signals of other non-electrical physical quantities into electrical signals. There are two driving methods: one uses permanent magnets, and the other uses electromagnetic coils. The former is mostly used for detection; for example, if a moving part is made of a magnet, it will attract and emit a signal once it approaches the magnetic induction sensor. The latter is mostly used for control; if the electromagnetic coil is energized, the contacts will attract. Using magnetic induction sensors to replace limit switches that rely on collision contact can improve system reliability and service life; therefore, they are often used in programmable logic controllers as signaling devices for position arrival.

Allen-Bradley sensor classification

Lasers can be divided into 4 types based on the working medium. (1) Solid-state lasers: The working medium is solid. Common types include ruby lasers, neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet lasers (i.e., YAG lasers), and neodymium glass lasers. Their structures are roughly similar, characterized by being compact, robust, and high-power. Neodymium glass lasers are the devices with the highest pulsed output power, reaching tens of megawatts. (2) Gas lasers: The working medium is gas. Various gas atomic, ion, metal vapor, and gas molecule lasers now exist. Common types include carbon dioxide lasers, helium-neon lasers, and carbon monoxide lasers. Shaped like ordinary discharge tubes, they are characterized by stable output, good monochromaticity, and long life, but have lower power and lower conversion efficiency. (3) Liquid lasers: These can be further divided into chelate lasers, inorganic liquid lasers, and organic dye lasers, among which organic dye lasers are the most important. Their main characteristic is continuously tunable wavelength. (4) Semiconductor lasers: This is a relatively newer type of laser, with gallium arsenide lasers being the more mature variant. Characteristics include high efficiency, small size, light weight, and simple structure, making them suitable for carrying on aircraft, warships, tanks, and by infantry. They can be made into rangefinders and sights. However, they have lower output power, poorer directionality, and are significantly affected by ambient temperature.

Allen-Bradley sensor principle

When a laser sensor operates, the laser emitting diode first emits laser pulses toward the target. After reflecting off the target, the laser scatters in various directions. Part of the scattered light returns to the sensor receiver, is received by the optical system, and is imaged onto an avalanche photodiode. An avalanche photodiode is an optical sensor with internal amplification capability, so it can detect extremely weak light signals and convert them into corresponding electrical signals. The common type is the laser distance sensor, which determines the target distance by recording and processing the time elapsed from the emission of the light pulse to its reception. Laser sensors must measure transmission time with extreme precision because the speed of light is very fast.

Allen-Bradley sensor applications

Over-limit detection of vehicle width and height: Laser sensors are used for rapid measurement. The network kernel of the PC industrial PC and visualization programming software VB is used for real-time data transmission and processing with the sensors. User-friendly upper computer control software has also been designed. Field test data shows that the system has good real-time performance, high measurement accuracy, and certain practical value. Highway toll stations: Used at highway toll stations for vehicle counting and safety protection. Malaysia's Teras company has already applied hundreds of sets of BEA laser sensors in its manual and automatic toll station systems. The laser sensors use the Time-of-Flight (TOF) measurement principle to form 4 planes within the detection area to inspect vehicles. Meanwhile, the product also features functions such as anti-rear-end collision and vehicle safety protection. Compared with traditional light curtains, laser sensors offer advantages such as high sensitivity, high accuracy, convenient installation, high cost-performance ratio, and strong stability. Google's second-generation driverless car: Equipped with laser sensors, the prototype of Google's second-generation autonomous vehicle still has a quite obvious laser sensor on top, while other sensors are set up very discreetly. Obvious Google driverless car logos are posted on the front, rear, and both sides of the vehicle. The control and driving principle of the Google driverless car involves numerous sensors installed around the car continuously collecting precise data about the vehicle itself and its surroundings. The onboard processor analyzes and calculates this data, then controls the vehicle's movement based on the results. The driverless car uses GPS equipment and sensors to accurately locate the vehicle's position and forward speed, and to identify surrounding pedestrians, vehicles, bicycles, traffic lights, and many other objects. On the roof of this Lexus is a 360° rotating laser holographic sensor, which can almost simultaneously sense conditions in front of, beside, and behind the car. Data collected by the sensor is input via green data cables into the processor located on the right rear side of the vehicle. This laser sensor also allows the driverless car to achieve global precise positioning. The original L shaped Lexus emblem on the front of the car was removed and replaced with a radar sensor, used to measure forward distance and vehicle speed to determine the condition ahead and control safe acceleration and deceleration. Position sensors are also mounted on the tire hubs to detect wheel rotation, helping the vehicle with positioning. The heart of the Google driverless car—the processor—is located on the right rear side of the vehicle. Data information from various sensors is transmitted here via data cables for software analysis and processing, enabling precise sensing and judgment of different objects near the driverless car. In addition to analyzing and judging the current positions of objects around the driverless car, the vehicle needs to use software to calculate and accurately predict the possible next position of each object. Finally, the driverless car makes safe driving decisions based on all collected data, including controlling vehicle speed and distance from surrounding vehicles.

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