German cab Produkttechnik shaft, cab Produkttechnik model, cab Produkttechnik price

cab Produkttechnik spindles are used to support rotating components, bearing only bending moments without transmitting torque. Some spindles rotate, such as railway vehicle axles, while others do not, such as axles supporting pulleys. Depending on whether the spindle rotates during operation, spindles can be classified into rotating spindles and fixed spindles. Rotating spindle: the spindle bears bending moment during operation and rotates; Fixed spindle: the spindle bears bending moment during operation and remains stationary. Based on the function of the shaft and the loads it bears, shafts can be classified into spindles, rotating shafts, and transmission shafts: among them, spindles bear only bending moments without transmitting torque; rotating shafts bear both bending moments and transmit torque; transmission shafts transmit only torque without bearing bending moments, or bear very small bending moments.

cab Produkttechnik shaft classification and structure

Commonly used mandrels include: 1) Small taper mandrel, which has higher positioning accuracy. However, loading and unloading workpieces with a small taper mandrel is not very convenient, and axial positioning is not possible, so it is only suitable for workpieces with small batches, high precision, and no axial positioning requirements; 2) Step mandrel tightened with nuts, suitable for clamping multiple workpieces and occasions where workpiece precision requirements are not very high; 3) Expansion mandrel, due to convenient loading and unloading of workpieces and high precision, it is suitable for sleeve parts with large bore diameter tolerances. Mandrels include cylindrical, conical, elliptical ball head, inner hole, and internal thread. In data turning processing, the structural shape formed by part turning processing is not complex, but the dimensional accuracy of the parts, especially the geometric accuracy of the parts, is required to be very high, and its multiple diameter dimensions have strict dimensional tolerance and surface roughness value requirements.

cab Produkttechnik shaft process characteristics

Smelting: Obtaining high-temperature, low-sulfur, pure molten iron is the key to producing high-quality ductile iron. In China, the main production equipment is based on cupola furnaces, and the molten iron is not pre-desulfurized; secondly, there is a shortage of high-purity pig iron and poor quality coke. Cupola furnaces are used to melt the molten iron, which is then desulfurized outside the furnace, and then heated and adjusted in composition in an induction electric furnace. In China, vacuum direct-reading spectrometers are commonly used to detect the composition of molten iron. Molding: The air impact molding process is significantly superior to the clay sand molding process, and can obtain high-precision crankshaft castings. The sand molds produced by this process have characteristics such as no rebound deformation, which is particularly important for multi-throw crankshafts. Some crankshaft manufacturers in China have introduced air impact molding processes from Germany, Italy, Spain, and other countries, but only a very few manufacturers have introduced the entire production line. Electroslag casting: Electroslag remelting technology is applied to the production of crankshafts, making the performance of cast crankshafts comparable to that of forged ones. It also has the characteristics of fast R&D cycle, high metal utilization rate, simple equipment, and superior product performance. Forging technology: The automatic line mainly consisting of hot die forging presses and electro-hydraulic hammers is the development direction of forged crankshaft production. These production lines will generally adopt advanced processes such as precision shearing blanking, roll forging (wedge cross rolling) billet making, medium frequency induction heating, and fine finishing hydraulic press fine pressing. At the same time, they are equipped with auxiliary machines such as manipulators, conveyor belts, and mold changing devices with rotary tables to form a flexible manufacturing system (FMS). Through FMS, workpieces and molds can be automatically changed, and parameters can be automatically adjusted, with continuous measurement during the working process. Data such as forging thickness and maximum pressure are displayed and recorded and compared with set values to select the optimal deformation amount to obtain high-quality products. The entire system is monitored by a central control room to achieve unmanned operation. Crankshafts forged by this forging method have full fibrous internal metal flow lines, which can increase the fatigue strength by more than 20%. Machining technology: Rough machining of crankshafts will widely use advanced equipment such as CNC lathes, CNC internal milling machines, and CNC turn-broaching machines to perform CNC turning, internal milling, and turn-broaching processing on the main journal and connecting rod journal, effectively reducing the deformation amount of crankshaft machining. Fine machining of crankshafts will widely use CNC controlled crankshaft grinders to perform fine grinding processing on their journals. This type of grinder will be equipped with functions such as automatic wheel dynamic balancing device, automatic center rest tracking device, automatic measurement, automatic compensation device, automatic wheel dressing, and constant linear speed to ensure stable grinding quality. The current situation of relying on imports for high-precision equipment is estimated not to change in the short term.

cab Produkttechnik shaft usage precautions

Shaft wear is the most common equipment problem during shaft usage. There are many reasons for shaft wear, but the primary cause is determined by the metal properties used to manufacture the shaft. Although metals have high hardness, they have poor conformability (cannot recover after deformation), poor impact resistance, and poor fatigue resistance, making them prone to adhesive wear, abrasive wear, fatigue wear, fretting wear, etc. Most shaft wear is not easily detected; it only attracts attention when issues such as high machine temperature, large runout amplitude, or abnormal noises occur. However, by the time these issues are noticed, most shafts are already worn, leading to machine downtime. Repairing wear on the shaft ends of large equipment is a concern worthy of attention. When the shaft material is No. 45 steel (quenched and tempered), if only surfacing welding is used, welding internal stresses will be generated, which may cause cracks or even fracture at the shaft shoulder under heavy load or high-speed operation. If stress-relief annealing is used, it is difficult to operate, has a long processing cycle, and incurs high maintenance costs. When the shaft material is HT200, cast iron welding is also not ideal. In China, common methods for addressing shaft wear include build-up welding, installing shaft sleeves, and knurling. If downtime is short and spare parts are available, new shaft replacement is generally adopted, as well as techniques such as electro-brush plating, laser welding, micro-arc welding, and even cold welding.

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