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Jungmichel sensors are devices that convert optical signals into electrical signals. Their operating principle is based on the photoelectric effect. The photoelectric effect refers to the phenomenon where electrons in a material absorb photon energy when light strikes certain substances, resulting in corresponding electrical effects. Based on the different manifestations of the photoelectric effect, it is classified into three categories: external photoelectric effect, internal photoelectric effect, and photovoltaic effect. Photoelectric devices include phototubes, photomultiplier tubes, photoresistors, photodiodes, phototransistors, and solar cells. The performance and characteristic curves of photoelectric devices are analyzed.

Jungmichel sensor classification

Lasers can be classified into 4 types based on the working medium. (1) Solid-state lasers: The working medium is solid. Common examples include ruby lasers, neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet lasers (i.e., YAG lasers), and neodymium glass lasers. Their structures are roughly similar, characterized by compactness, robustness, and high power. Neodymium glass lasers are the devices with the highest pulsed output power, reaching tens of megawatts. (2) Gas lasers: The working medium is gas. Various gas atomic, ion, metal vapor, and gas molecular lasers are now available. Common examples include carbon dioxide lasers, helium-neon lasers, and carbon monoxide lasers. Their shape resembles ordinary discharge tubes, characterized by stable output, good monochromaticity, and long service life, but lower power and lower conversion efficiency. (3) Liquid lasers: These can be further divided into chelate lasers, inorganic liquid lasers, and organic dye lasers, among which organic dye lasers are the most important. Their main feature is continuously tunable wavelength. (4) Semiconductor lasers: This is a relatively newer type of laser, with gallium arsenide lasers being the more mature variant. Characteristics include high efficiency, small size, light weight, and simple structure, making them suitable for carriage on aircraft, warships, tanks, and by infantry. They can be made into rangefinders and sights. However, they have lower output power, poorer directionality, and are significantly affected by ambient temperature.

Jungmichel sensor principle

When a laser sensor operates, the laser emitting diode first emits laser pulses toward the target. After reflection from the target, the laser scatters in various directions. Part of the scattered light returns to the sensor receiver, is captured by the optical system, and is imaged onto an avalanche photodiode. An avalanche photodiode is an optical sensor with internal amplification capability, enabling it to detect extremely weak optical signals and convert them into corresponding electrical signals. A common type is the laser distance sensor, which determines the target distance by recording and processing the time elapsed from the emission of the light pulse to its reception. Laser sensors must measure the transmission time with extreme precision because the speed of light is very fast.

Jungmichel sensor applications

Over-dimension detection of vehicle width and height: Laser sensors are used for rapid measurement. An industrial PC (PC) and the network kernel of visualization programming software VB are utilized for real-time data transmission and processing with the sensors. User-friendly host control software has also been designed. Field test data indicate that the system offers good real-time performance and high measurement accuracy, possessing certain practical value. Highway toll stations: Used at highway toll stations for vehicle counting and safety protection. Malaysia's Teras company has already deployed hundreds of BEA laser sensors in its manual and automatic toll station systems. The laser sensors employ the Time-of-Flight (TOF) measurement principle, forming 4 planes within the detection zone to monitor vehicles. Additionally, the product features functions such as rear-end collision prevention and vehicle safety protection. Compared to traditional light curtains, laser sensors offer advantages such as higher sensitivity, higher accuracy, convenient installation, cost-effectiveness, and strong stability. Google's second-generation driverless car: Equipped with laser sensors. In Google's second-generation autonomous vehicle prototype, besides the prominent laser sensor on the roof, other sensors are installed very discreetly. Distinctive Google driverless car logos are affixed to the front, rear, and sides of the vehicle. The control and driving principle of the Google driverless car involves numerous sensors installed around the vehicle continuously collecting precise data about the vehicle itself and its surroundings. The onboard processor analyzes and computes this data, then controls the vehicle's movement based on the results. The driverless car utilizes GPS equipment and sensors to accurately determine the vehicle's position and forward speed, identifying surrounding pedestrians, vehicles, bicycles, traffic lights, and many other objects. The roof of this Lexus vehicle carries a laser holographic sensor rotating 360°, which can almost simultaneously sense conditions in front of, to the side of, and behind the vehicle. Data collected by the sensor is input via green data cables into the processor located at the rear right side of the vehicle. This laser sensor also enables global precise positioning for the driverless car. The original L emblem on the front of the Lexus was removed and replaced with a radar sensor used to measure forward distance and vehicle speed, allowing determination of forward traffic conditions and controlling safe acceleration and deceleration. Position sensors are also installed on the tire hubs to detect wheel rotation, aiding in vehicle positioning. The heart of the Google driverless car—the processor—is located at the rear right side of the vehicle. Data information from all sensors is transmitted here via data cables for software analysis and processing, enabling precise sensing and judgment of different objects near the driverless car. In addition to analyzing and judging the current positions of objects around the driverless car, the vehicle requires software calculations to accurately predict the potential next position of each object. Finally, the driverless car makes safe driving decisions based on all collected data, including controlling vehicle speed and maintaining distances from surrounding vehicles.

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