Germany ETH messtechnik sensor ETH messtechnik model ETH messtechnik price

ETH messtechnik sensors are devices that convert optical signals into electrical signals. Their operating principle is based on the photoelectric effect. The photoelectric effect refers to the phenomenon where electrons in a material absorb photon energy when light strikes certain substances, resulting in corresponding electrical effects. Based on the different manifestations of the photoelectric effect, it is classified into three categories: external photoelectric effect, internal photoelectric effect, and photovoltaic effect. Photoelectric devices include phototubes, photomultiplier tubes, photoresistors, photodiodes, phototransistors, and photocells. This section analyzes the performance and characteristic curves of photoelectric devices.

ETH messtechnik sensor introduction

Sensors used in robots to emulate tactile functions. Tactile sense is an important sensory function when humans directly contact the external environment. Developing tactile sensors that meet requirements is one of the key technical challenges in robot development. With the advancement of microelectronics technology and the emergence of various organic materials, numerous development schemes for tactile sensors have been proposed. However, most are currently at the laboratory stage, with few achieving productization. Tactile sensors can be broadly classified by function into contact sensors, force-torque sensors, pressure sensors, and slip sensors.

ETH messtechnik sensor classification

Slip sensors are used to detect and measure the slippage of objects when a robot grips or handles them. They are essentially displacement sensors. Based on whether they have sliding direction detection capability, they are divided into three types: non-directional, single-directional, and omni-directional. 1) Non-directional sensors include the probe-earphone type, which consists of a sapphire probe, a metal buffer, a piezoelectric Rochelle salt crystal, and a rubber buffer. Sliding causes the probe to vibrate, and the Rochelle salt converts this vibration into a corresponding electrical signal. The buffer serves to reduce noise. 2) Single-directional sensors include the drum photoelectric type. Slippage of the gripped object causes the drum to rotate, leading a photodiode to receive light signals transmitted through a code disk (mounted on the circular face of the drum). The object's slippage is measured via the rotation angle signal of the drum. 3) Omni-directional sensors use metal spheres coated with insulating material and patterned with conductive and non-conductive areas in a latitude-longitude distribution. When the sensor contacts an object and slides, the sphere rotates, causing the conductive and non-conductive areas on its surface to alternately contact electrodes, thereby generating on/off signals. By counting and judging these on/off signals, the magnitude and direction of slippage can be determined. This type of sensor requires high manufacturing precision.

ETH messtechnik sensor applications

Tactile sensors are used to determine whether a robot (primarily its limbs) is in contact with external objects or to measure the characteristics of the contacted objects. Types of tactile sensors include micro switches, conductive rubber, carbon-impregnated sponge, carbon fiber, and pneumatic reset devices. 1) Micro switch: Composed of a spring and contacts. When the contacts touch an external object, they move away from the base plate, breaking the signal circuit, thereby detecting contact with the external object. The advantage of this normally closed (continuously connected when not in contact) micro switch is ease of use and simple structure; the disadvantages are susceptibility to mechanical oscillation and contact oxidation. 2) Conductive rubber type: It uses conductive rubber as the sensitive element. When the contacts touch an external object and are compressed, the conductive rubber is pressed, changing its resistance and thus altering the current flowing through it. The disadvantage of this sensor is that due to variations in the material formulation of the conductive rubber, drift and hysteresis characteristics are inconsistent; the advantage is flexibility. 3) Carbon-impregnated sponge type: It features an elastic body made of sponge mounted on a base plate, with carbon-impregnated sponge arranged in an array within the sponge. When the contacted object is compressed, the resistance of the carbon-impregnated sponge decreases. Measuring the magnitude of the current flowing through the carbon-impregnated sponge determines the degree of compression. This sensor can also be used as a pressure sensor. Advantages include simple structure, good elasticity, and ease of use. Disadvantages are that the uniformity of carbon distribution directly affects measurement results, and recovery after compression is poor. 4) Carbon fiber type: Uses carbon fiber as the upper layer, a base plate as the lower layer, and polyurethane and metal electrodes installed in between. When contacting an external object, the carbon fiber is compressed and makes electrical contact with the electrodes. The advantage is good flexibility, allowing installation on curved surfaces of robotic arms, but hysteresis is significant. 5) Pneumatic reset type: It has a flexible insulating surface that deforms under pressure, with compressed air serving as the resetting force upon loss of contact. When in contact with an external object, its internal elastic dome (beryllium copper foil) contacts the lower contacts to conduct electricity. Advantages are good flexibility and high reliability, but a compressed air source is required.

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