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ROSSI motors are rotating machines containing a brush assembly that convert DC electrical energy into mechanical energy (DC motor) or mechanical energy into DC electrical energy (DC generator). Unlike brushless DC motors, the brush assembly is used to introduce or extract DC voltage and current. Brushed DC motors are the foundation of all motors, featuring fast starting, timely braking, smooth speed regulation over a wide range, and relatively simple control circuits.

Common ROSSI motor questions

Why do motors generate shaft currents? The current in the loop formed by the motor shaft, bearing housing, and base is called shaft current. Causes of shaft current: (1) Asymmetric magnetic field; (2) Harmonics in the supply current; (3) Poor manufacturing or installation causing uneven air gap due to rotor eccentricity; (4) Gaps between the two halves of a detachable stator core; (5) Improper selection of the number of segments in a fan-shaped laminated stator core. Hazards: Erosion of the motor bearing surface or balls, forming pinpoint micro-pores, deteriorating bearing performance, increasing friction loss and heat generation, and ultimately causing bearing burnout. Prevention: (1) Eliminate pulsating magnetic flux and power supply harmonics (e.g., by installing AC reactors on the inverter output side); (2) During motor design, insulate the bearing housing and base for sliding bearings, and insulate the outer ring and end cover for rolling bearings. Two, Why can general motors not be used in high-altitude areas? Altitude adversely affects motor temperature rise, motor corona (for high-voltage motors), and commutation in DC motors. Attention should be paid to the following three aspects: (1) At high altitudes, motor temperature rise increases and output power decreases. However, if the temperature drop with increasing altitude sufficiently compensates for the effect on temperature rise, the motor's rated output power can remain unchanged; (2) Anti-corona measures must be taken when using high-voltage motors at high altitudes; (3) Altitude adversely affects DC motor commutation, so careful selection of carbon brush materials is required. Three, Why should motors not operate under light load? Light load operation causes: (1) Low motor power factor; (2) Low motor efficiency. This results in equipment waste and uneconomical operation. (1) Excessive load; (2) Phase loss; (3) Blocked air ducts; (4) Prolonged low-speed operation; (5) Excessive power supply harmonics. Four, Why should motors in cold environments not be started arbitrarily? Prolonged exposure to low temperatures can cause: (1) Motor insulation cracking; (2) Bearing grease freezing; (3) Pulverization of solder at wire joints. Therefore, motors should be stored with heating in cold environments, and windings and bearings should be inspected before operation. Five, What are the causes of three-phase current imbalance in motors? (1) Three-phase voltage imbalance; (2) Poor welding or contact in a internal phase branch of the motor; (3) Inter-turn short circuit, ground fault, or phase-to-phase short circuit in the motor winding; (4) Wiring errors.

ROSSI motor performance

Motor performance is closely related to its excitation method. Typically, there are 4 types of excitation for DC motors: separately excited DC motor, shunt DC motor, series DC motor, and compound DC motor. Understand the characteristics of each of the 4 methods: 1. Separately excited DC motor: The field winding has no electrical connection with the armature; the field circuit is supplied by a separate DC source. Thus, the field current is unaffected by the armature terminal voltage or armature current. 2. Shunt DC motor: The circuit is parallel, dividing the current. The voltage across the shunt winding is the same as the armature voltage. However, the shunt winding is wound with fine wire with many turns, resulting in high resistance and small field current. 3. Series DC motor: The current is in series, dividing the voltage. The field winding is in series with the armature, so the magnetic field in this motor changes significantly with armature current. To minimize loss and voltage drop in the field winding, its resistance should be as low as possible. Therefore, series DC motors typically use thick wire with fewer turns. 4. Compound DC motor: The motor's magnetic flux is generated by the field currents in two windings.

ROSSI motor applications

The motor stator generates a stationary magnetic field. This stationary field surrounds the armature (or rotor). An external power source excites the armature magnetic field. On the shaft of a brushed DC motor, there are two arc-shaped copper pieces called commutator segments. As the motor rotates, carbon brushes slide on the commutator. This generates a rotating magnetic field that interacts with the stator's stationary magnetic field. The current in the armature and stator windings is supplied by batteries or other DC sources (permanent magnet brushed DC motors have no stator windings). The battery (or DC source) provides a constant DC voltage. The voltage amplitude determines the motor speed, making the battery or DC source a linear excitation source. The most effective way to change the speed of a brushed DC motor is using Pulse Width Modulation (pwm) technology. pwm technology switches a constant voltage source at a fixed frequency. Changing the pulse width of the pwm signal adjusts the motor speed. The ratio between the high and low levels of the pulse is called the duty cycle of the pwm signal. The DC battery level amplitude equals the average amplitude of the pwm signal. Brushed DC motors have good starting and speed regulation performance and are often used in applications with high requirements for starting and speed control, such as large reversible rolling mills, mine hoists, high-speed hotel elevators, gantry planers, electric locomotives, diesel locomotives, city trams, subway trains, electric bicycles, papermaking and printing machinery, marine machinery, large precision machine tools, and large cranes.

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