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3SU1401-1BB60-3AA0 electrical component is a transducer that converts guided waves propagating on a transmission line into electromagnetic waves propagating in an unbounded medium (usually free space), or performs the reverse conversion. It is the component used in radio equipment to transmit or receive electromagnetic waves. Engineering systems such as radio communication, broadcasting, television, radar, navigation, electronic countermeasures, remote sensing, and radio astronomy, which use electromagnetic waves to transmit information, all rely on antennas for operation. In addition, in terms of transmitting energy using electromagnetic waves, non-signal energy radiation also requires antennas. General antennas possess reciprocity, meaning the same antenna can be used as both a transmitting antenna and a receiving antenna. The basic characteristic parameters of the same antenna for transmission or reception are identical. This is the reciprocity theorem of antennas. As we know, radio equipment such as communication, radar, navigation, broadcasting, and television devices transmit information via radio waves and require the radiation and reception of radio waves. In radio equipment, the device used to radiate and receive radio waves is called an antenna. The antenna provides the necessary coupling between the transmitter or receiver and the medium propagating the radio waves. Like the transmitter and receiver, the antenna is also an important component of radio equipment.

3SU1401-1BB60-3AA0 electrical component principle

The main principle of a diode is to utilize the unidirectional conductivity of the PN junction. Adding leads and encapsulation to the PN junction forms a diode. A crystal diode consists of a PN junction formed by P-type semiconductor and N-type semiconductor. A space charge layer is formed on both sides of the interface, establishing a built-in electric field. When no external voltage is applied, the diffusion current caused by the carrier concentration difference across the PN junction equals the drift current caused by the built-in electric field, resulting in an electrical equilibrium state. When a forward voltage bias is applied externally, the mutual cancellation of the external electric field and the built-in electric field increases the carrier diffusion current, causing a forward current. When a reverse voltage bias is applied externally, the external electric field and the built-in electric field are further strengthened, forming a reverse saturation current within a certain reverse voltage range that is independent of the reverse bias voltage value. When the applied reverse voltage reaches a certain level, the electric field strength in the space charge layer of the PN junction reaches a critical value, causing a carrier multiplication process. This generates a large number of electron-hole pairs, resulting in a significant reverse breakdown current, known as the diode breakdown phenomenon. Reverse breakdown of the PN junction is classified into Zener breakdown and avalanche breakdown.

3SU1401-1BB60-3AA0 electrical component features

Most microphones are electret condenser microphones (ECM), a technology with a history of several decades. The working principle of ECM utilizes a polymer diaphragm with permanently isolated charges. Compared to the polymer diaphragm of ECM, MEMS microphones exhibit stable performance across different temperatures and are unaffected by temperature, vibration, humidity, and time. Due to strong heat resistance, MEMS microphones can withstand high-temperature reflow soldering without any change in performance. Since the sensitivity change before and after assembly is minimal, this can even save audio debugging costs during the manufacturing process. Currently, integrated circuit processes are increasingly widely applied in the manufacturing of sensors and sensor interface integrated circuits. This micro-manufacturing process offers advantages such as precision, flexible design, miniaturization, integration with signal processing circuits, low cost, and mass production. A first-order resonant frequency in such a low frequency band would result in highly uneven frequency response within the auditory frequency range for the microphone, which is unacceptable for microphone applications. When tensile stress exists within the sensitive membrane, its resonant frequency increases, but at the cost of sensitivity. Of course, higher first-order resonant frequencies can be obtained by adjusting the size of the sensitive membrane, but this will still reduce sensitivity. Thus, piezoresistive schemes are not suitable for the manufacture of micro-microphones. A feasible solution is to adopt a capacitive scheme to manufacture micro-microphones. The advantage of this method is that all materials used in the integrated circuit manufacturing process can be used for sensor manufacturing. However, manufacturing micro-microphones using a single-chip process is quite difficult because the air medium between the two capacitor plates can only have a very small gap. Moreover, due to size limitations, it is difficult to meet the bias voltage requirements in some application scenarios. Based on these issues, research on capacitive microphones has continued uninterrupted. Compared to traditional electret microphones, Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) microphones offer advantages such as small size, good heat resistance, good consistency, good stability, high reliability, and resistance to radio frequency interference. They can also output digital signals, facilitating intelligent development.

3SU1401-1BB60-3AA0 electrical component characteristics

The static characteristics of a sensor refer to the relationship between the output quantity and the input quantity for static input signals. Since the input and output quantities are independent of time in this case, their relationship, i.e., the static characteristics of the sensor, can be described by an algebraic equation without time variables, or by a characteristic curve plotted with the input quantity as the abscissa and the corresponding output quantity as the ordinate. The main parameters characterizing the static characteristics of a sensor include: linearity, sensitivity, hysteresis, repeatability, drift, etc. (1) Linearity: Refers to the degree to which the actual relationship curve between the sensor's output quantity and input quantity deviates from the fitted straight line. It is defined as the ratio of the maximum deviation between the actual characteristic curve and the fitted straight line over the full scale range to the full-scale output value. (2) Sensitivity: Sensitivity is an important indicator of the static characteristics of a sensor. It is defined as the ratio of the increment in the output quantity to the corresponding increment in the input quantity that causes this increment. S is used to denote sensitivity. (3) Hysteresis: Hysteresis is the phenomenon where the input-output characteristic curves do not coincide when the input quantity changes from small to large (forward stroke) and from large to small (reverse stroke). For the same magnitude of input signal, the output signal magnitudes for the forward and reverse strokes of the sensor are not equal; this difference is called the hysteresis difference. (4) Repeatability: Repeatability refers to the degree of inconsistency in the characteristic curves obtained when the sensor's input quantity undergoes continuous multiple full-scale changes in the same direction. (5) Drift: Sensor drift refers to the phenomenon where the sensor's output quantity changes over time while the input quantity remains constant. There are two causes for drift: one is the sensor's own structural parameters; the other is the surrounding environment (such as temperature, humidity, etc.). (6) Resolution: When the sensor's input slowly increases from a non-zero value, an observable change in the output occurs after exceeding a certain increment. This input increment is called the sensor's resolution, i.e., the minimum input increment. (7) Threshold: When the sensor's input slowly increases from zero, an observable change in the output occurs after reaching a certain value. This input value is called the sensor's threshold voltage.

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