TETM14-20 in stock German TETM14-20 electrical components TETM14-20 inventory

TETM14-20 electrical components are instruments used to transform voltage. However, the purpose of a transformer's voltage transformation is to facilitate power transmission, so its capacity is large, generally calculated in kilovolt-amperes or megavolt-amperes; whereas the purpose of a voltage transformer's voltage transformation is mainly to supply power to measuring instruments and relay protection devices, to measure line voltage, power, and energy, or to protect valuable equipment, motors, and transformers in the line when a fault occurs. Therefore, the capacity of a voltage transformer is very small, generally only a few volt-amperes or tens of volt-amperes, with the maximum not exceeding one thousand volt-amperes.

TETM14-20 electrical component principle

Microphones have evolved from initial resistive electro-acoustic conversion to inductive and capacitive conversion. A wide range of new microphone technologies has gradually developed, including aluminum ribbon and moving-coil microphones, as well as the currently widely used condenser and electret microphones. The working principle of a moving-coil microphone involves sound waves causing a diaphragm to vibrate through the air; the electromagnetic coil winding on the diaphragm then cuts through the magnetic field formed by magnets surrounding the moving-coil capsule, generating a weak fluctuating current. This current is transmitted to an amplifier, which converts the fluctuating current back into sound through the reverse process. For ribbon microphones, the aluminum ribbon serves as both the microphone diaphragm and the conductor moving within the magnetic field. The ribbon is typically made of aluminum foil. To achieve an ideal resonant frequency, the ribbon is corrugated to maintain a precise tension value. As both a conductor and a diaphragm, the ribbon is suspended in the magnetic field between two magnetic poles, vibrating in response to the frequency of incident sound waves and generating a voltage output across its ends. A condenser microphone consists of two metal plates; one plate is coated with an electret film and grounded, while the other is connected to the gate of a field-effect transistor (FET), with a diode connected between the gate and source. The diaphragm of a condenser microphone is often made of fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), which offers good humidity performance, generates high surface charge, and is minimally affected by humidity. Since this transducer also has a capacitive structure with high internal signal impedance, a field-effect transistor must be used at the output to extract and amplify the voltage signal generated by sound.

TETM14-20 electrical component principle

The primary material of ferrite beads is ferrite. Ferrite is a ferrimagnetic material with a cubic crystal lattice structure. Ferrite materials are iron-magnesium or iron-nickel alloys; their manufacturing process and mechanical properties are similar to ceramics, and they are gray-black in color. One type of magnetic core frequently used in electromagnetic interference (EMI) filters is ferrite material, and many manufacturers offer ferrite materials specifically for EMI suppression. This material is characterized by very high high-frequency losses and high permeability, which minimizes the capacitance generated between inductor coil windings under high-frequency, high-impedance conditions. For ferrites used in EMI suppression, the most important performance parameters are permeability μ and saturation flux density Bs. Permeability μ can be expressed as a complex number, where the real part constitutes inductance and the imaginary part represents loss, which increases with frequency. Therefore, its equivalent circuit is a series circuit composed of inductance L and resistance R, where both L and R are functions of frequency. When a wire passes through such a ferrite core, the resulting inductive impedance formally increases with frequency, but the underlying mechanism differs completely at different frequencies. In the low-frequency range, impedance consists of inductive reactance. At low frequencies, R is very small, and the core's permeability is high, resulting in large inductance; thus, L plays the major role. EMI is suppressed by reflection, and core losses are low at this stage, making the entire component a low-loss, high Q inductor. Such inductors are prone to resonance, so in the low-frequency range, using ferrite beads may sometimes result in increased interference. In the high-frequency range, impedance consists of the resistive component. As frequency increases, the core's permeability decreases, leading to reduced inductance and reduced inductive reactance. However, core losses increase, and the resistive component rises, causing total impedance to increase. When high-frequency signals pass through the ferrite, EMI is absorbed and dissipated as heat. Ferrite suppression components are widely used on printed circuit boards (PCBs), power lines, and data lines. For example, adding ferrite suppression components at the power input of a PCB can filter out high-frequency interference. Ferrite rings or beads are specifically designed to suppress high-frequency and spike interference on signal and power lines, and they also have the ability to absorb electrostatic discharge (ESD) pulse interference. The values of these two components are proportional to the length of the bead, and the bead length significantly affects suppression effectiveness; longer beads provide better suppression. Inductors can be used for power filtering. Although the circuit symbol for a ferrite bead is the same as that for an inductor, the model number indicates the use of a bead. In terms of circuit function, ferrite beads and inductors operate on the same principle, differing only in their frequency characteristics. Ferrite beads are composed of oxide magnets. Ferrite beads offer significant impedance only to high-frequency signals; at low frequencies, their resistance is much lower than that of inductors. Ferrite beads are a rapidly developing anti-interference component, offering low cost, ease of use, and effective high-frequency noise filtering.

TETM14-20 electrical component principle

When the voltage applied to a varistor is below its threshold, the current flowing through it is extremely small, equivalent to a resistor with infinite resistance. That is, when the voltage applied across it is below its threshold, it acts like an open switch. When the voltage applied to a varistor exceeds its threshold, the current flowing through it surges, equivalent to a resistor with near-zero resistance. That is, when the voltage applied across it is above its threshold, it acts like a closed switch. Protection principle of surge absorbers: In the standby state, a varistor presents very high impedance (several megaohms) relative to the protected electronic components and does not affect the characteristics of the original design circuit. However, when a transient surge voltage occurs (exceeding the breakdown voltage of the surge absorber), the impedance of the surge absorber drops to a low value (only a few ohms), creating a short circuit in the line, thereby protecting electronic products or more expensive components.

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