TPGC020018 in stock German TPGC020018 electrical components TPGC020018 inventory

TPGC020018 electrical component is a pyroelectric infrared sensor, a device composed of thermocouples. It is widely used as a temperature detection device in fields such as ear thermometers, radiation thermometers, electric ovens, and food temperature testing. The entry details the basic unit of the thermopile—the thermocouple; and thoroughly introduces the structure, working principle, main parameters, and applications of the thermopile.

TPGC020018 electrical component features

The self-resetting fuse is characterized by high breaking current capacity, capable of interrupting AC currents and even higher currents. This fuse has a very significant current-limiting effect; when the instantaneous current approaches 168 kA, it can be rapidly limited. The structure of the self-resetting fuse mainly consists of current terminals (also called electrodes), mica glass (filler), insulating tube, fusible element, piston, argon gas, and housing. The housing of the self-resetting fuse is generally made of stainless steel, with mica glass separating the stainless steel sleeve from the internal beryllium oxide ceramic insulating tube; mica glass serves as both filler and insulator. The self-resetting fuse operates based on the characteristic of sodium metal, whose resistance increases sharply at high temperatures. Under normal operating conditions, current flows from the left current terminal, through the sodium metal fusible element within the fine pores of the beryllium oxide ceramic insulating tube, to the right current terminal, forming a current path. When a short-circuit fault occurs, the short-circuit current heats the sodium metal, vaporizing it into a high-temperature, high-pressure plasma state, causing its resistance to increase sharply, thereby achieving current limiting. At this point, the high pressure generated by the vaporized fusible element pushes the piston to the right, compressing the argon gas. After the circuit breaker interrupts the short-circuit current limited by the self-resetting fuse, the temperature of the sodium vapor drops, and the pressure decreases accordingly. The previously compressed argon gas condenses back into liquid and solid states, and its resistance value returns to the original level, ready for reuse. Regarding the wiring of the self-resetting fuse, it is often used in series with a circuit breaker, with an additional resistor connected in parallel to suppress overvoltage during interruption. During normal operation, the self-resetting fuse is in a low-resistance state, and only a small current flows through the parallel resistor. When a line fault occurs, the self-resetting fuse enters a high-resistance state; the parallel resistor absorbs the resulting overvoltage and maintains the operating current required for the circuit breaker trip unit, ensuring reliable interruption by the circuit breaker. Therefore, the current interrupted by the circuit breaker is effectively the current-limited value of the self-resetting fuse.

TPGC020018 electrical component principle

In chemical batteries, the direct conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy results from spontaneous oxidation-reduction reactions occurring internally within the battery; these reactions take place at two separate electrodes. The negative electrode active material consists of reducing agents with a more negative potential that are stable in the electrolyte, such as active metals like zinc, cadmium, and lead, as well as hydrogen or hydrocarbon compounds. The positive electrode active material consists of oxidizing agents with a more positive potential that are stable in the electrolyte, such as metal oxides like manganese dioxide, lead dioxide, and nickel oxide, oxygen or air, halogens and their salts, oxyacids and their salts, etc. The electrolyte is a material with good ionic conductivity, such as aqueous solutions of acids, bases, and salts, organic or inorganic non-aqueous solutions, molten salts, or solid electrolytes. When the external circuit is open, although there is a potential difference (open-circuit voltage) between the two poles, no current flows, and the chemical energy stored in the battery is not converted into electrical energy. When the external circuit is closed, current flows through the external circuit under the influence of the potential difference between the two electrodes. Simultaneously, inside the battery, since there are no free electrons in the electrolyte, charge transfer must accompany oxidation or reduction reactions at the interface between the active materials of the two electrodes and the electrolyte, as well as mass transfer of reactants and reaction products. Charge transfer within the electrolyte is also accomplished by ion migration. Therefore, normal charge and mass transfer processes within the battery are necessary conditions for ensuring normal electrical energy output. During charging, the direction of charge and mass transfer processes inside the battery is exactly opposite to that during discharge; electrode reactions must be reversible to ensure the normal progression of reverse mass and charge transfer processes. Thus, reversibility of electrode reactions is a necessary condition for constituting a storage battery. This is the fundamental thermodynamic relationship between battery electromotive force and battery reaction, and also the basic thermodynamic equation for calculating battery energy conversion efficiency. In practice, when current flows through an electrode, the electrode potential deviates from the thermodynamically balanced electrode potential; this phenomenon is called polarization. The greater the current density (current passing through a unit area of the electrode), the more severe the polarization. Polarization is one of the important causes of battery energy loss. There are three causes of polarization: (1) polarization caused by the resistance of various parts within the battery is called ohmic polarization; (2) polarization caused by the hindrance of the charge transfer process in the electrode-electrolyte interface layer is called activation polarization; (3) polarization caused by the sluggishness of the mass transfer process in the electrode-electrolyte interface layer is called concentration polarization. Methods to reduce polarization include increasing the electrode reaction area, reducing current density, raising the reaction temperature, and improving the catalytic activity of the electrode surface.

TPGC020018 electrical component function

Modulated pulses generated by the oscillation circuit pass through the reflection circuit and are radiated as light pulses by the LED GL. When the measured object enters the effective range of the light receiver, the reflected light pulses enter the phototransistor DU. In the receiving circuit, the light pulses are demodulated into electrical pulse signals, amplified, and synchronously gated and shaped. Digital integration or RC integration methods are then used to eliminate interference. Finally, the signal triggers the driver output (with or without delay) to generate the photoelectric switch control signal. Photoelectric switches generally have good hysteresis characteristics, so even if the detected object shakes within a small range, it will not affect the output status of the driver, thereby keeping it in a stable operating zone. Meanwhile, the self-diagnostic system can display the light-receiving status and stable operating zone to monitor the work of the photoelectric switch at any time. Proximity switches are widely used in aviation, aerospace technology, and industrial production. They are also applied in daily life, such as in automatic doors in hotels, restaurants, and garages, and in automatic hot air blowers. For security and anti-theft purposes, important locations such as archives, accounting departments, financial institutions, museums, and vaults are typically equipped with anti-theft devices composed of various proximity switches. In measurement technology, such as for length and position measurement; and in control technology, such as for the measurement and control of displacement, speed, and acceleration, a large number of proximity switches are also used.

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