52/3/3 In stock German 52/3/3 electrical components 52/3/3 inventory

52/3/3 Electrical components are electronic devices with conductivity between that of good conductors and insulators, utilizing the special electrical properties of semiconductor materials to perform specific functions. They can be used to generate, control, receive, transform, and amplify signals, as well as perform energy conversion. The semiconductor materials in semiconductor devices are silicon, germanium, or gallium arsenide, and they can be used as rectifiers, oscillators, light emitters, amplifiers, photodetectors, and other equipment. To distinguish them from integrated circuits, they are sometimes referred to as discrete devices. The basic structure of most two-terminal devices (i.e., crystal diodes) is a PN junction. Semiconductor devices typically utilize different semiconductor materials, processes, and geometric structures, resulting in a wide variety of crystal diodes with diverse functions and applications. The frequency coverage of crystal diodes ranges from low frequency, high frequency, microwave, millimeter wave, infrared, up to light waves. Three-terminal devices are generally active devices, with typical representatives being various transistors (also known as crystal triodes). Transistors can be divided into bipolar transistors and field-effect transistors. Depending on the application, transistors can be classified into power transistors, microwave transistors, and low-noise transistors. In addition to general-purpose transistors used for amplification, oscillation, and switching, there are transistors for special purposes, such as phototransistors, magnetosensitive transistors, and field-effect sensors. These devices can convert information about environmental factors into electrical signals and also provide amplification like general transistors to obtain larger output signals. Furthermore, there are other special devices, such as unijunction transistors which can be used to generate sawtooth waves, thyristors which can be used in various high-current control circuits, and charge-coupled devices which can be used as imaging devices or information storage devices. In military equipment such as communication and radar systems, weak signals are mainly received by high-sensitivity, low-noise semiconductor receiving devices. With the rapid development of microwave communication technology, low-noise microwave semiconductor devices have developed rapidly, with increasing operating frequencies and decreasing noise figures. Due to their excellent performance, small size, light weight, and low power consumption, microwave semiconductor devices have been widely applied in air defense and anti-missile systems, electronic warfare systems, and other applications.

52/3/3 Electrical component structure

1. The cathode of an electron tube is the component used to emit electrons, divided into oxide cathodes and thoriated tungsten carbide cathodes. Generally, oxide cathodes are indirectly heated; they use a dedicated filament to heat the cathode body coated with barium oxide, etc., for thermionic emission. Thoriated tungsten carbide cathodes are generally directly heated; thermionic emission is produced by heating, so they serve as both the filament and the cathode. Theoretically, thoriated tungsten carbide cathodes have a much longer lifespan than oxide cathodes. Thoriated tungsten carbide cathodes are most widely used in high-power transmitter tubes, while oxide cathodes are generally used in transmitter tubes with an output power of 1kW or less. Mesh cathodes are made into a cylindrical shape using thinner thoriated tungsten wires. Their advantages are: (1) Since they are woven from many thoriated tungsten wires, they have a larger permeance. (2) It is easier to achieve a smaller cathode-grid spacing, which helps improve transconductance. (3) Since the filament has a mesh structure, the current in each single filament is smaller, the local magnetic field is weaker, and thus the AC hum generated by the cathode current is also smaller. 2. The grids of an electron tube are divided into first grid and second grid based on their roles in the tube, sometimes also referred to as control grid and screen grid. The main role of the first grid is to control the cathode current, while the role of the second grid is to shield the first grid from the influence of the plate. The grid structure relates to its own mechanical strength and heat dissipation effect, and determines whether the tube can work stably. To reduce electron transit time, the grid-cathode spacing is made very short, even less than 1mm, so manufacturers often use materials with high mechanical strength, high thermal conductivity, good radiation coefficient, and high melting point to make the grids, to avoid thermal contact between electrodes at such small spacings. The first and second grids should be strictly aligned, so that the screen grid captures fewer electrons, reducing screen grid dissipation, improving current distribution, and enhancing linearity. 10. The anode of an electron tube is the electrode that collects most of the electrons emitted by the cathode. During operation, due to electron bombardment of the plate surface and thermal radiation from other electrodes, a large amount of heat is generated at the plate. Since the power dissipation density of the plate is tens to hundreds of watts per square centimeter, natural radiation or conduction cooling is insufficient. Therefore, forced cooling methods must be used. Common methods include air cooling, water cooling, and evaporative cooling.

52/3/3 Electrical component principle

A photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light signals into electrical signals. Its core part is also a PN junction. Compared with ordinary diodes, the structural difference is that, to facilitate the reception of incident light, the PN junction area is made as large as possible, the electrode area is made as small as possible, and the junction depth of the PN junction is very shallow, generally less than 8 micrometers. Photodiodes operate under reverse voltage. When there is no light, the reverse current is very small, called dark current. When there is light, photons carrying energy enter the PN junction and transfer energy to bound electrons in covalent bonds, causing some electrons to break free from the covalent bonds, thereby generating electron-hole pairs, known as photogenerated carriers. Under the action of reverse voltage, they participate in drift motion, causing the reverse current to increase significantly. The greater the light intensity, the greater the reverse current. This characteristic is called "photoconductivity." The current generated by a photodiode under normal illumination is called photocurrent. If a load is connected in the external circuit, the load receives an electrical signal, and this electrical signal changes correspondingly with the light. Photodiodes are photosensitive devices widely used in electronic circuits. Like ordinary diodes, photodiodes have a PN junction. The difference is that the housing of a photodiode has a transparent window to receive light irradiation, achieving photoelectric conversion. In circuit diagrams, the text symbol is generally VD.

52/3/3 Electrical component classification

An inductor generates a magnetic field around the coil when current flows through it. When the current in the coil changes, the surrounding magnetic field changes accordingly. This changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (induced EMF) in the coil itself, which is self-inductance. (EMF is used to represent the terminal voltage of the ideal power source of an active component.) Electronic components made by winding wire with a certain number of turns, capable of producing a certain amount of self-inductance or mutual inductance, are often called inductive coils. To increase inductance, improve the quality factor, and reduce volume, iron cores or magnetic cores made of ferromagnetic materials are often added. The basic parameters of inductors include inductance, quality factor, inherent capacitance, stability, current rating, and operating frequency. Inductors composed of a single coil are called self-inductors, and their self-inductance is also known as the self-inductance coefficient. Mutual inductance occurs when two inductive coils are close to each other; the magnetic field change in one inductive coil affects the other. This influence is mutual inductance. The magnitude of mutual inductance depends on the self-inductance of the coils and the degree of coupling between the two inductive coils. Components manufactured using this principle are called mutual inductors.

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