Deutschmann Automation electrical components Germany Deutschmann Automation model Deutschmann Automation price

Deutschmann Automation electrical component is an electronic device with three terminals, made of three parts of semiconductors with different doping levels. The charge flow in the transistor is mainly due to the diffusion and drift movement of carriers at the PN junction. The operation of this transistor involves the flow of both electrons and holes, so it is called bipolar, also known as a bipolar junction transistor. This mode of operation differs from unipolar transistors such as field-effect transistors, whose operation involves only the drift action of a single type of carrier. The boundary between two regions with different dopants is formed by the PN junction. Bipolar transistors can amplify signals and have good power control, high-speed operation, and durability, so they are often used to form amplifier circuits or drive devices such as speakers and motors, and are widely used in aerospace engineering, medical devices, robotics, and other applications.

Deutschmann Automation electrical component characteristics

The static characteristics of a sensor refer to the relationship between the output and input quantities for a static input signal. Since the input and output quantities are independent of time, their relationship, i.e., the static characteristics of the sensor, can be described by an algebraic equation without time variables, or by a characteristic curve plotted with the input quantity as the abscissa and the corresponding output quantity as the ordinate. The main parameters characterizing the static characteristics of a sensor include: linearity, sensitivity, hysteresis, repeatability, drift, etc. (1) Linearity: refers to the degree to which the actual relationship curve between the sensor output and input deviates from the fitted straight line. It is defined as the ratio of the maximum deviation between the actual characteristic curve and the fitted straight line over the full scale range to the full-scale output value. (2) Sensitivity: Sensitivity is an important indicator of the static characteristics of a sensor. It is defined as the ratio of the increment in the output quantity to the corresponding increment in the input quantity that causes this increment. S is used to represent sensitivity. (3) Hysteresis: Hysteresis is the phenomenon where the input-output characteristic curves do not coincide when the input quantity changes from small to large (forward stroke) and from large to small (reverse stroke). For the same magnitude of input signal, the output signals for the forward and reverse strokes are not equal; this difference is called the hysteresis error. (4) Repeatability: Repeatability refers to the degree of inconsistency in the characteristic curves obtained when the sensor input changes continuously multiple times over the full scale in the same direction. (5) Drift: Sensor drift refers to the change in the sensor output over time while the input remains constant. There are two causes of drift: one is the structural parameters of the sensor itself; the other is the surrounding environment (such as temperature, humidity, etc.). (6) Resolution: When the sensor input increases slowly from a non-zero value, an observable change in output occurs after exceeding a certain increment; this input increment is called the sensor resolution, i.e., the minimum input increment. (7) Threshold: When the sensor input increases slowly from zero, an observable change in output occurs after reaching a certain value; this input value is called the sensor threshold voltage.

Deutschmann Automation electrical component applications

The most basic application of a conventional thyristor is controlled rectification. The familiar diode rectifier circuit belongs to uncontrolled rectification circuits. If the diode is replaced with a thyristor, a controlled rectification circuit can be formed. Taking the simplest single-phase half-wave controlled rectification circuit as an example, during the positive half-cycle of the sinusoidal AC voltage U2, if there is no input trigger pulse Ug at the control gate of VS, VS cannot conduct. Only when U2 is in the positive half-cycle and a trigger pulse Ug is applied externally to the control gate, the thyristor is triggered into conduction. Draw its waveforms (c) and (d); only when the trigger pulse Ug arrives is there voltage UL output across the load RL. If Ug arrives early, the thyristor conducts earlier; if Ug arrives late, the thyristor conducts later. By changing the arrival time of the trigger pulse Ug at the control gate, the average value UL of the output voltage across the load can be adjusted. In electrical engineering, half a cycle of AC is often defined as 180°, called the electrical angle. Thus, in each positive half-cycle of U2, the electrical angle experienced from the zero value to the instant the trigger pulse arrives is called the control angle α; the electrical angle during which the thyristor conducts in each positive half-cycle is called the conduction angle θ. Clearly, α and θ are both used to indicate the conduction or blocking range of the thyristor during the half-cycle when it withstands forward voltage. By changing the control angle α or conduction angle θ, the average value UL of the pulsed DC voltage across the load is changed, achieving controlled rectification. Low-power plastic-packaged bidirectional thyristors are typically used in sound-and-light-controlled lighting systems. Rated current is less than 4A. Large and medium-power plastic-packaged and iron-packaged thyristors are typically used in power-type controlled voltage regulation circuits, such as adjustable output DC power supplies, etc. High-power high-frequency thyristors are typically used in industry, such as in high-frequency melting furnaces.

Deutschmann Automation electrical component classification

(1) Point-contact diodes have a small PN junction contact area, cannot pass large forward currents or withstand high reverse voltages, but have good high-frequency performance, suitable for use in high-frequency detection circuits and switching circuits. (2) Surface-contact diodes have a large PN junction contact area, can pass larger currents, and can withstand higher reverse voltages, suitable for use in rectification circuits. (3) Planar diodes have a small PN junction area when used as switching tubes in pulse digital circuits, and a larger PN junction area when used for high-power rectification. (4) Zener diodes are a special type of surface-contact semiconductor silicon diode, having the function of stabilizing voltage. The main difference between zener diodes and ordinary diodes is that zener diodes operate in the reverse breakdown state of the PN junction. By process measures during manufacturing and limiting the magnitude of reverse current during use, it can be ensured that the zener diode will not be damaged by overheating in the reverse breakdown state. Unlike general diodes, the reverse breakdown of a zener diode is reversible; as long as the allowable value of the zener current is not exceeded, the PN junction will not be damaged by overheating. When the external reverse voltage is removed, the zener diode restores its original performance, so zener diodes have good repetitive breakdown characteristics. (5) Photodiodes, also known as photosensitive diodes. Their casing is equipped with a glass window to facilitate light reception. Their characteristic is that when light irradiates their PN junction, free electrons and holes are generated in pairs, increasing the concentration of minority carriers in the semiconductor. Under a certain reverse bias voltage, this causes the reverse current to increase. Therefore, their reverse current increases linearly with the increase in light intensity. When there is no light, the volt-ampere characteristics of the photodiode are the same as those of an ordinary diode. Photodiodes, as light-controlled elements, can be used for various object detection, photoelectric control, automatic alarms, etc. When made into large-area photodiodes, they can serve as an energy source and are called solar cells. In this case, they do not require an external power supply and can directly convert light energy into electrical energy. (6) Light-emitting diodes are semiconductor solid-state display devices that directly convert electrical energy into light energy, abbreviated as LED. Similar to ordinary diodes, light-emitting diodes are also composed of a PN structure. The PN junction of the light-emitting diode is encapsulated in a transparent plastic shell, with shapes such as square, rectangular, and circular. Light-emitting diodes have advantages such as low drive voltage, small operating current, strong resistance to vibration and shock, small size, high reliability, low power consumption, and long life, and are widely used in signal indication circuits. In electronic technology, commonly used numeric displays; the principle of light-emitting diodes is opposite to that of photodiodes. When a light-emitting diode is forward-biased and current passes through, it emits light, which is the result of energy release when electrons and holes recombine directly. Its spectral range is relatively narrow, and its wavelength depends on the base material used.

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