Apex Technologies electrical components Germany Apex Technologies model Apex Technologies price

Apex Technologies electrical components are electrical control devices. When the change in the input quantity (excitation quantity) meets specified requirements, they cause a predetermined step change in the controlled quantity within the electrical output circuit. They exhibit an interactive relationship between the control system (also known as the input circuit) and the controlled system (also known as the output circuit). Typically applied in automated control circuits, they effectively function as "automatic switches" that use small currents to control the operation of large currents. Therefore, they serve functions such as automatic regulation, safety protection, and circuit switching within electrical circuits. A relay is an electrical control device that, when provided with a specified input quantity maintained for a sufficient duration, causes a predetermined step change in the controlled quantity within the electrical output circuit. When the input quantity decreases to a certain level and remains there for a sufficient duration, it returns to its initial state.

Apex Technologies electrical component characteristics

The main parameters characterizing resistor properties include nominal resistance and its allowable tolerance, rated power, load characteristics, and temperature coefficient of resistance. Load characteristics: When the ambient operating temperature is below tR, the resistor must not exceed its rated power. When exceeding tR, the load power must be derated. Each type of resistor has specified load characteristics. Additionally, allowable load may be correspondingly reduced under low atmospheric pressure. Under pulse load conditions, the average pulse power is significantly lower than the rated power, and separate specifications usually apply. Within the specified ambient temperature range, the average relative change in resistance per 4 °C change in temperature is expressed in ppm/°C. In addition to the above parameters, other technical indicators include nonlinearity (the degree to which the current-voltage characteristic deviates from a linear relationship), voltage coefficient (the relative rate of change in resistance per volt change in applied voltage), current noise (the ratio of the RMS noise voltage generated by current flow within the resistor body to the test voltage, expressed as the current noise index), high-frequency characteristics (the curve showing resistance decrease with increasing operating frequency due to distributed capacitance and inductance within the resistor body), and long-term stability (the process of irreversible resistance changes during prolonged use or storage due to environmental influences).

Apex Technologies electrical component characteristics

The static characteristics of a sensor refer to the relationship between the output quantity and the input quantity for static input signals. Since both input and output quantities are independent of time in this case, their relationship, i.e., the sensor's static characteristics, can be described by an algebraic equation without time variables, or by a characteristic curve plotted with the input quantity on the horizontal axis and the corresponding output quantity on the vertical axis. The main parameters characterizing sensor static characteristics include: linearity, sensitivity, hysteresis, repeatability, and drift. (1) Linearity: Refers to the degree to which the actual relationship curve between the sensor's output quantity and input quantity deviates from the fitted straight line. It is defined as the ratio of the maximum deviation between the actual characteristic curve and the fitted straight line over the full scale range to the full-scale output value. (2) Sensitivity: Sensitivity is an important indicator of a sensor's static characteristics. It is defined as the ratio of the increment in the output quantity to the corresponding increment in the input quantity that causes it. Sensitivity is denoted by S. (3) Hysteresis: Hysteresis is the phenomenon where the input-output characteristic curves do not coincide when the sensor's input quantity changes from small to large (forward stroke) and from large to small (reverse stroke). For the same magnitude of input signal, the output signals for the forward and reverse strokes are unequal; this difference is called the hysteresis error. (4) Repeatability: Repeatability refers to the degree of inconsistency in the characteristic curves obtained when the sensor's input quantity undergoes multiple consecutive full-scale changes in the same direction. (5) Drift: Sensor drift refers to the phenomenon where the sensor's output quantity changes over time while the input quantity remains constant. There are two main causes of drift: one is the sensor's own structural parameters; the other is the surrounding environment (such as temperature, humidity, etc.). (6) Resolution: When the sensor's input slowly increases from a non-zero value, an observable change in output occurs after exceeding a certain increment. This input increment is called the sensor's resolution, i.e., the minimum input increment. (7) Threshold: When the sensor's input slowly increases from zero, an observable change in output occurs after reaching a certain value. This input value is called the sensor's threshold voltage.

Apex Technologies electrical component characteristics

Resolution refers to the sensor's ability to detect the smallest change in the measured quantity. In other words, if the input quantity changes slowly from a certain non-zero value, the sensor's output will not change until the input change exceeds a certain value; that is, the sensor cannot resolve changes in the input quantity below this level. Only when the change in the input quantity exceeds the resolution will the output change. Typically, the resolution at various points within the full-scale range of a sensor is not identical. Therefore, the maximum change in the input quantity within the full scale that causes a step change in the output quantity is commonly used as the metric for resolution. If the above metric is expressed as a percentage of the full scale, it is termed resolution. Resolution has a negative correlation with sensor stability.

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