ARKYS electrical components Germany ARKYS model ARKYS price

ARKYS electrical components are instruments used to transform voltage. However, the purpose of a transformer's voltage transformation is to facilitate power transmission, so its capacity is large, generally calculated in kilovolt-amperes or megavolt-amperes; whereas the purpose of a voltage transformer's voltage transformation is mainly to supply power to measuring instruments and relay protection devices, to measure line voltage, power, and energy, or to protect valuable equipment, motors, and transformers in the line when a fault occurs. Therefore, the capacity of a voltage transformer is very small, generally only a few volt-amperes or tens of volt-amperes, with a maximum not exceeding one thousand volt-amperes.

ARKYS electrical component types

There are many types of loudspeakers. According to their transduction principle, they can be divided into dynamic (moving-coil), electrostatic (capacitive), electromagnetic (reed), piezoelectric (crystal), etc.; the latter two are mostly used in rural wired broadcasting networks. According to frequency range, they can be divided into low-frequency, mid-frequency, and high-frequency loudspeakers, which are often used as combination loudspeakers in speaker cabinets. According to transduction mechanism and structure, they are divided into dynamic (electrodynamic), capacitive (electrostatic), piezoelectric (crystal or ceramic), electromagnetic (spring-loaded), ionophone, and pneumatic loudspeakers. Dynamic loudspeakers are widely used due to advantages such as good electroacoustic performance, robust structure, and low cost. According to sound radiation material, they are divided into cone, horn, and diaphragm types. According to cone shape, they are divided into circular, oval, dual-cone, and rubber surround. According to operating frequency, they are divided into bass, midrange, and treble; some are further classified into recorder-specific, TV-specific, general-purpose, and hi-fi loudspeakers. According to voice coil impedance, they are divided into low-impedance and high-impedance. According to effect, they are divided into direct-radiating and ambient sound types. Loudspeakers are divided into built-in and external loudspeakers, with external loudspeakers generally referring to speaker cabinets. Built-in loudspeakers refer to MP4 players having built-in speakers, allowing users to listen to sound from the MP4 player not only through the headphone jack but also through the built-in speakers. MP14 players with built-in speakers can operate without external speakers and avoid the inconvenience of wearing headphones for extended periods.

ARKYS electrical component principles

Its working principle is the same as that of a transformer, and its basic structure consists of an iron core and primary and secondary windings. Its characteristics are very small and relatively constant capacity, operating close to no-load conditions during normal operation. The impedance of the voltage transformer itself is very small; once a short circuit occurs on the secondary side, the current will increase sharply and burn out the coil. For this reason, fuses are connected to the primary side of the voltage transformer, and the secondary side is reliably grounded to prevent high potential to ground on the secondary side causing personal injury and equipment accidents if insulation between the primary and secondary sides fails. Voltage transformers for measurement are generally made with a single-phase double-winding structure. The primary voltage is the voltage to be measured (such as the line voltage of the power system); it can be used singly or two units can be connected in a V-V configuration for three-phase use. Voltage transformers used in laboratories often have multiple taps on the primary side to adapt to the need to measure different voltages. Voltage transformers for protective grounding also have a third winding, known as a three-winding voltage transformer. The third windings of the three phases are connected in an open-delta configuration, with the two terminals of the open delta connected to the voltage coil of the ground protection relay. During normal operation, the three-phase voltages of the power system are symmetrical, and the sum of the three-phase induced electromotive forces on the third winding is zero. Once a single-phase ground fault occurs, the neutral point shifts, and zero-sequence voltage appears between the terminals of the open delta, causing the relay to operate and thus protecting the power system. If zero-sequence voltage appears in the winding, corresponding zero-sequence flux will appear in the iron core. For this reason, this type of three-phase voltage transformer uses a side-yoke iron core or three single-phase voltage transformers. For this type of transformer, the accuracy requirement for the third winding is not high, but it requires certain over-excitation characteristics (i.e., when the primary voltage increases, the magnetic flux density in the iron core increases by a corresponding factor without damage). Voltage transformers are indispensable electrical appliances in power transmission and supply systems such as power plants and substations. Precision voltage transformers are instruments used in electrical testing laboratories to extend measurement ranges and measure voltage, power, and energy. Voltage transformers are very similar to transformers; both are used to transform voltage on lines. Why is voltage transformation needed on lines? This is because, depending on generation, transmission, and consumption conditions, line voltages vary greatly, with significant differences. Some are low voltage 220V and 390V, while others are high voltage, reaching tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of volts. To directly measure these low and high voltages, corresponding low-voltage and high-voltage voltmeters and other instruments and relays would need to be manufactured according to the line voltage magnitude. This would not only cause great difficulties in instrument manufacturing but, more importantly, it is impossible and absolutely prohibited to directly manufacture high-voltage instruments for direct voltage measurement on high-voltage lines.

ARKYS electrical component characteristics

The static characteristics of a sensor refer to the relationship between the output and input quantities for static input signals. Since the input and output quantities are independent of time in this case, their relationship, i.e., the static characteristics of the sensor, can be described by an algebraic equation without time variables, or by a characteristic curve plotted with the input quantity as the abscissa and the corresponding output quantity as the ordinate. The main parameters characterizing the static characteristics of a sensor include: linearity, sensitivity, hysteresis, repeatability, drift, etc. (1) Linearity: Refers to the degree to which the actual relationship curve between the sensor's output and input quantities deviates from the fitted straight line. It is defined as the ratio of the maximum deviation between the actual characteristic curve and the fitted straight line over the full scale range to the full-scale output value. (2) Sensitivity: Sensitivity is an important indicator of a sensor's static characteristics. It is defined as the ratio of the increment in the output quantity to the corresponding increment in the input quantity that causes it. S is used to denote sensitivity. (3) Hysteresis: Hysteresis is the phenomenon where the input-output characteristic curves do not coincide when the input quantity changes from small to large (forward stroke) and from large to small (reverse stroke). For the same magnitude of input signal, the output signals for the forward and reverse strokes are not equal; this difference is called the hysteresis error. (4) Repeatability: Repeatability refers to the degree of inconsistency in the characteristic curves obtained when the sensor's input quantity undergoes continuous multiple full-scale changes in the same direction. (5) Drift: Sensor drift refers to the phenomenon where the sensor's output changes over time while the input quantity remains constant. There are two causes of drift: one is the sensor's own structural parameters; the other is the surrounding environment (such as temperature, humidity, etc.). (6) Resolution: When the sensor's input slowly increases from a non-zero value, an observable change in output occurs after exceeding a certain increment; this input increment is called the sensor's resolution, i.e., the minimum input increment. (7) Threshold: When the sensor's input slowly increases from zero, an observable change in output occurs after reaching a certain value; this input value is called the sensor's threshold voltage.

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