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AURATON electrical component is a varactor diode, also known as a "variable reactance diode," made using the characteristic that the junction capacitance of a PN junction changes with applied voltage under reverse bias. As the reverse bias voltage increases, the junction capacitance decreases; conversely, it increases. The capacitance of a varactor diode is generally small, with a maximum value ranging from tens of pF to hundreds of pF. It is mainly used in high-frequency circuits for automatic tuning, frequency modulation, and phase adjustment, such as serving as a variable capacitor in the tuning circuit of a television receiver. Key parameters include: zero-bias junction capacitance, zero-bias quality factor, reverse breakdown voltage, center reverse bias voltage, nominal capacitance, capacitance variation range (in picofarads), and cutoff frequency.

AURATON electrical component applications

Metal waveguides and metal resonant cavities are widely used in decimeter waves, centimeter waves, and longer millimeter waves. Since the cross-section of waveguides and the dimensions of resonant cavities are close to the wavelength, the dimensions of metal waveguides and resonant cavities are too small and difficult to manufacture. In the infrared or visible light bands, where wavelengths are on the micrometer scale, the application of metal waveguides or resonant cavities is even more impossible. For this reason, dielectric waveguides and dielectric resonators have rapidly developed and gained widespread application. Although the dimensions of dielectric waveguides and dielectric resonators are also on a scale comparable to the wavelength, they are easy to fabricate into tiny sizes using microfabrication techniques. For example, optical fibers and optical waveguides with cross-sectional dimensions on the micrometer scale belong to dielectric waveguides. The fields in metal waveguides can be viewed as resulting from plane waves reflecting back and forth between conductor surfaces; similarly, the fields in dielectric waveguides can be viewed as resulting from total reflection of electromagnetic waves at dielectric interfaces. Therefore, a dense medium surrounded by a sparse medium forms a dielectric waveguide. In an ideal metal waveguide, the electromagnetic field forms a standing wave transversely, and outside the waveguide boundary, approximating an ideal conductor, there is no electromagnetic field. In a dielectric waveguide, the electromagnetic field forms a standing wave transversely, but an electromagnetic field still exists outside the dielectric waveguide, which decays exponentially transversely, known as an evanescent field. In a metal waveguide filled with a homogeneous medium, the TE mode and TM mode can individually satisfy the short-circuit boundary conditions of the waveguide walls, so the TE mode and TM mode can always be separated, and both can propagate in the metal waveguide. When a metal waveguide is filled with two or more media, or partially filled with dielectric, the electromagnetic field must satisfy not only the boundary conditions on the conductor walls but also the continuity conditions at the media interfaces. In the case of uniform filling with two or more media, only hybrid modes of TE and TM, specifically HEM modes, can exist. After understanding the above content, one can further explore dielectric resonators. As early as 1939, the concept and theory of dielectric resonators were proposed, but due to the lack of suitable dielectric materials, this theory remained dormant for over 20 years without practical development. By the 20th century, in the 60s, the successful development of high-dielectric-constant ceramics such as rutile ceramic (ε≈80100) brought dielectric resonators back into attention. However, the high temperature coefficient of rutile ceramic limited its practical application. In the 20th century, 70s, barium titanate and zirconium titanate ceramics were developed; their high dielectric constant, low loss, and low temperature coefficient enabled the practical application of dielectric resonators. Dielectric resonators offer advantages such as small size, light weight, high quality factor, and good stability. They are particularly suitable for application in microstrip circuits, microwave integrated circuits, and millimeter-wave bands, receiving significant attention and rapid development. When the dielectric constant is very high, the interface between the dielectric and air approximates an open circuit, and the reflection coefficient of electromagnetic waves at the interface approaches 9. At this point, the surface of the dielectric resonator can be regarded as an open-circuit wall, i.e., a magnetic wall. Thus, the dielectric resonator becomes a closed system with homogeneous boundary conditions, equivalent to an open-circuit wall (magnetic wall) resonant cavity.

AURATON electrical component principle

Based on different intended uses, various types of thermometers have been designed and manufactured. The design principles include: the thermal expansion and contraction of solids, liquids, and gases under temperature influence; the change in pressure of a gas (or vapor) at constant volume due to temperature differences; the thermoelectric effect; the variation of electrical resistance with temperature; and the influence of thermal radiation. 1. Gas thermometers: Hydrogen or helium is often used as the temperature-sensing medium because their liquefaction temperatures are very low, close to absolute zero, resulting in a wide measurement range. These thermometers offer high accuracy and are commonly used for precision measurements. 2. Resistance thermometers: Classified into metal resistance thermometers and semiconductor resistance thermometers, both are based on the characteristic that electrical resistance changes with temperature. Metal thermometers primarily use pure metals such as platinum, gold, copper, and nickel, as well as alloys like rhodium-iron and phosphor bronze. Semiconductor thermometers mainly use materials such as carbon and germanium. Resistance thermometers are convenient, reliable, and widely applied. 3. Thermocouple thermometers: A type of temperature-measuring instrument widely used in industry, based on the thermoelectric effect. Two different metal wires are welded together to form the measuring junction, while the other ends are connected to a measuring instrument to complete the circuit. When the measuring junction is placed at the temperature to be measured, a difference in temperature between the measuring junction and the reference junction generates an electromotive force, causing current to flow through the loop. By measuring electrical quantities and knowing the temperature at one point, the temperature at the other point can be determined. It is suitable for applications involving significant temperature differences between two substances and is often used for high-temperature and low-temperature measurements. 4. Dial thermometers: These are dashboard-style thermometers, also known as room thermometers, used to measure ambient temperature. They operate on the principle of thermal expansion and contraction of metals. A bimetallic strip serves as the sensing element to control the pointer. The bimetallic strip is typically made by riveting a copper strip and an iron strip together, with the copper strip on the left and the iron strip on the right. Since copper exhibits significantly more thermal expansion and contraction than iron, when the temperature rises, the copper strip pulls the iron strip to bend to the right, causing the pointer to deflect to the right (indicating higher temperature); conversely, when the temperature drops, the pointer deflects to the left under the action of the bimetallic strip. 5. Glass tube thermometers: These thermometers measure temperature based on the principle of thermal expansion and contraction. Due to differences in the expansion coefficients, boiling points, and freezing points of the temperature-sensing media, common glass tube thermometers include kerosene thermometers, mercury thermometers, and red ink thermometers. Their advantages include simple structure, ease of use, relatively high measurement accuracy, and low cost. Disadvantages include limitations on the upper and lower measurement limits and accuracy due to the quality of the glass and the properties of the temperature-sensing medium. They cannot transmit readings remotely and are fragile. 6. Pressure thermometers: These thermometers use the volume expansion or pressure change of a liquid, gas, or saturated vapor within a sealed container upon heating as the measurement signal. The basic structure consists of a bulb, a capillary tube, and an indicator gauge. Advantages of pressure thermometers include simple structure, high mechanical strength, and resistance to vibration. They are low-cost and require no external power source. Disadvantages include limited temperature measurement range, significant heat loss, and slow response time. 15. Mercury thermometers are a type of expansion thermometer and can only serve as local monitoring instruments. Using them to measure temperature is not only simple and intuitive but also helps avoid errors associated with remote-transmission thermometers.

AURATON electrical component parameters

1. Voltage temperature coefficient: Refers to the rate of change of the nominal voltage of a varistor within a specified temperature range, i.e., the relative change in voltage across the varistor when the temperature changes while the current through the varistor remains constant. 2. Current temperature coefficient: Refers to the relative change in current flowing through the varistor when the temperature changes while the voltage across the varistor remains constant. 3. Nominal voltage: Refers to the voltage value across the varistor when a DC current passes through it. 4. Voltage ratio: Refers to the ratio of the voltage generated by the current in the varistor to the voltage generated by the current in the varistor. 5. Maximum clamping voltage: Refers to the highest voltage value that the varistor can withstand across its terminals. 6. Leakage current: Also known as standby current, refers to the current flowing through the varistor under specified temperature and maximum DC current conditions. 7. Residual voltage ratio: When the current through the varistor is at a certain value, the voltage generated across its terminals is called the residual voltage for that current value. The residual voltage ratio is the ratio of the residual voltage to the nominal voltage. 8. Surge current capacity: Also known as surge current, refers to the maximum pulse (peak) current value allowed to pass through the varistor under specified conditions (specified time intervals and number of times, applying standard impulse current). 9. Static capacitance: Refers to the inherent capacitance of the varistor itself. 10. Insulation resistance: Refers to the resistance value between the leads (pins) of the varistor and the insulated surface of the resistor body. 19. Voltage nonlinearity coefficient: Refers to the ratio of the static resistance value to the dynamic resistance value of the varistor under a given applied voltage.

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