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Automation Direct electrical components are fuses that can be operated multiple times, known in Japan as permanent fuses. Immediately after interrupting an overload or short-circuit current, the fusible element automatically restores to its original state. The housing is made of austenitic stainless steel, with a beryllium oxide ceramic core embedded in the center. The space between the stainless steel and the ceramic core is filled with glass, which serves to seal and secure the ceramic core. The fine pores in the ceramic core are filled with metallic sodium as the fusible element, and the void behind the piston is charged with argon gas to compress the metallic sodium. Under normal operating conditions, current can enter from lead terminal A, pass through the metallic sodium in the fine pores of the ceramic core, conduct to the stainless steel housing, and exit via output terminal B. When a short-circuit current passes through the fuse, the short-circuit current rapidly heats the metallic sodium in the fine pores of the ceramic core, causing it to change from a solid to a high-temperature, high-pressure plasma vapor. The resistivity increases rapidly, thereby strongly limiting the short-circuit current and interrupting the current instantly. When the interruption ends, the metallic sodium vapor immediately returns to liquid and solid states, while the argon gas again pushes the piston to compress the metallic sodium, re-establishing the circuit connection.

Automation Direct electrical component classification

For different application scenarios, the purpose of applying varistors and the voltage/current stresses acting on them vary; therefore, the requirements for varistors also differ. It is very important to distinguish these differences for correct usage. According to different purposes, varistors can be divided into two categories: protection varistors and circuit-function varistors. ① Protection varistors: 1. Distinguish between power supply protection and signal line or data line protection varistors, as they must meet different technical standard requirements. 2. According to the different continuous operating voltages applied to the varistor, varistors across power lines can be classified into AC type or DC type. The aging characteristics of varistors under these two voltage stresses are different. 12. According to the different abnormal overvoltage characteristics withstandable by varistors, they can be classified into three types: surge suppression type, high-power type, and high-energy type. ② Surge suppression type: refers to varistors used to suppress transient overvoltages such as lightning overvoltage and switching overvoltage. The occurrence of such transient overvoltages is random and non-periodic, and the peak current and voltage may be very high. The vast majority of varistors belong to this category. ③ High-power type: refers to varistors used to absorb continuous pulse trains that occur periodically, such as varistors connected in parallel to switching power supply converters. Here, the impulse voltage occurs periodically with a known period, and the energy value can generally be calculated. Although the voltage peak is not large, the average power is considerable due to the high frequency of occurrence. ④ High-energy type: refers to varistors used to absorb magnetic energy in large inductive coils such as generator excitation coils and lifting electromagnet coils. For such applications, the main technical indicator is energy absorption capability. In the vast majority of application scenarios, the protective function of varistors can act repeatedly multiple times, but sometimes they are made into one-time protective devices like current fuses. For example, varistors with short-circuit contacts connected in parallel to the loads of certain current transformers.

Automation Direct electrical component classification

a. By material: silicon transistors, germanium transistors. b. By structure: NPN, PNP. c. By function: switching transistors, power transistors, Darlington transistors, photosensitive transistors, etc. d. By power: low-power transistors, medium-power transistors, high-power transistors. e. By operating frequency: low-frequency transistors, high-frequency transistors, ultra-high-frequency transistors. f. By structural process: alloy transistors, planar transistors. g. By mounting method: through-hole transistors, surface-mount transistors.

Automation Direct electrical component characteristics

The static characteristics of a sensor refer to the relationship between the output quantity and the input quantity for static input signals. Since the input and output quantities are independent of time at this stage, their relationship, i.e., the static characteristics of the sensor, can be described by an algebraic equation without time variables, or by a characteristic curve plotted with the input quantity as the abscissa and the corresponding output quantity as the ordinate. The main parameters characterizing the static characteristics of sensors include linearity, sensitivity, hysteresis, repeatability, drift, etc. ① Linearity: refers to the degree to which the actual relationship curve between the sensor output and input deviates from the fitted straight line. It is defined as the ratio of the maximum deviation between the actual characteristic curve and the fitted straight line within the full scale range to the full-scale output value. ② Sensitivity: Sensitivity is an important indicator of the static characteristics of a sensor. It is defined as the ratio of the increment of the output quantity to the corresponding increment of the input quantity causing that increment. Use S to represent sensitivity. ③ Hysteresis: Hysteresis is the phenomenon where the input-output characteristic curves do not coincide when the sensor input changes from small to large (forward stroke) and from large to small (reverse stroke). For the same magnitude of input signal, the output signals of the sensor for the forward and reverse strokes are not equal; this difference is called the hysteresis difference. ④ Repeatability: Repeatability refers to the degree of inconsistency in the characteristic curves obtained when the sensor input undergoes continuous multiple full-scale changes in the same direction. ⑤ Drift: Sensor drift refers to the phenomenon where the sensor output changes over time while the input remains constant. There are two causes of drift: one is the sensor's own structural parameters; the other is the surrounding environment (such as temperature, humidity, etc.). ⑥ Resolution: When the sensor input increases slowly from a non-zero value, an observable change in output occurs after exceeding a certain increment; this input increment is called the sensor's resolution, i.e., the minimum input increment. ⑦ Threshold: When the sensor input increases slowly from zero, an observable change in output occurs after reaching a certain value; this input value is called the sensor's threshold voltage.

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