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Banner Engineering electrical components: A capacitor consists of two conductors in close proximity separated by a non-conductive insulating dielectric. When a voltage is applied across the two plates of a capacitor, it stores charge. The capacitance value is numerically equal to the ratio of the charge on one conductive plate to the voltage between the two plates. The basic unit of capacitance is the Farad (F). In circuit diagrams, capacitive elements are usually denoted by the letter C; capacitors are components that store electric charge and electrical energy (electric potential energy). A conductor system in which one conductor is enclosed by another, or where all electric field lines originating from one conductor terminate on another conductor, is called a capacitor.

Banner Engineering electrical component functions

When the distance between an observer or system and a wave source changes, the frequency of the approaching waves shifts; this phenomenon is known as the Doppler effect. Sonar and radar are developed based on this principle. The Doppler effect is utilized to manufacture ultrasonic proximity switches, microwave proximity switches, etc. When an object approaches, the reflected signal received by the proximity switch undergoes a Doppler frequency shift, allowing detection of the object's presence. Proximity switches are widely used in aviation, aerospace technology, and industrial production. In daily life, they are applied in automatic doors at hotels, restaurants, and garages, as well as in automatic hot air blowers. For security and anti-theft purposes, important locations such as archives, accounting departments, financial institutions, museums, and vaults are typically equipped with anti-theft devices composed of various proximity switches. In measurement technology, such as for length and position; and in control technology, such as for the measurement and control of displacement, velocity, and acceleration, a large number of proximity switches are also used.

Banner Engineering electrical component types

For different application scenarios, the purpose of using varistors varies, and the voltage/current applied to the varistor differs accordingly. Therefore, the requirements for varistors also vary. It is crucial to distinguish these differences for proper usage. Based on the intended use, varistors can be classified into two main categories: ① protection varistors, and ② circuit function varistors. Protection varistors: (1) Distinguish whether the varistor is used for power supply protection or for signal line/data line protection, as they must meet different technical standards. (2) Depending on the continuous operating voltage applied to the varistor, varistors across power lines can be divided into AC type or DC type. The aging characteristics of varistors under these two types of voltage stress differ. (3) Based on the abnormal overvoltage characteristics that the varistor can withstand, varistors can be categorized into three types: surge suppression type, high-power type, and high-energy type. 1. Surge suppression varistors are used to suppress transient overvoltages such as lightning-induced overvoltage and switching overvoltage. These transient overvoltages occur randomly and non-periodically, with potentially large peak current and voltage values. Most varistors fall into this category. 2. High-power varistors are designed to absorb periodic pulse groups, such as those connected in parallel with switch-mode power converters. Here, the impulse voltage occurs periodically, and the period is known. Although the energy value can generally be calculated and the peak voltage is not very high, the average power is considerable due to the high frequency of occurrence. 8. High-energy varistors are used to absorb magnetic energy from large inductive coils, such as generator excitation coils and lifting electromagnet coils. For such applications, the primary technical indicator is energy absorption capability. In most cases, the protective function of varistors can operate repeatedly; however, they are sometimes designed as "one-time" protective devices similar to current fuses. An example is a varistor with short-circuit contacts connected in parallel to certain current transformer loads.

Banner Engineering electrical component characteristics

The main characteristics of circuit breakers include: rated voltage; rated current; tripping current setting range for overload and short-circuit protection; rated short-circuit breaking current, etc. Rated ultimate short-circuit breaking capacity refers to the ability of a low-voltage circuit breaker to operate normally again and break the same short-circuit current once more after interrupting the maximum three-phase short-circuit current at its output terminals; the breaker does not guarantee normal closing and breaking thereafter. Rated service short-circuit breaking capacity refers to the ability of the circuit breaker to break normally multiple times when the maximum three-phase short-circuit current occurs at its output terminals. The rated service short-circuit breaking capacity is a breaking current value lower than the rated ultimate short-circuit breaking current. Generally, circuit breakers with three-stage protection functions—long-time delay for overload, short-time delay for short-circuit, and instantaneous trip for short-circuit—can achieve selective protection. Most main lines (including transformer output terminals) use them as main protection switches. Circuit breakers without short-time delay for short-circuit (having only long-time delay for overload and instantaneous trip for short-circuit) cannot provide selective protection and can only be used in branch circuits. "Marine Electrical Engineering" points out that for circuit breakers with three-stage protection, emphasis is placed on their service short-circuit breaking capacity value, while for circuit breakers used in branch lines, sufficient ultimate short-circuit breaking capacity value must be ensured. A common bias is to prefer larger values rather than appropriately sized ones, believing larger is safer. However, excessively large values cause unnecessary waste. Therefore, there is no need to blindly pursue high service short-circuit breaking capacity indicators for branch circuit breakers. For circuit breakers used on main lines, they must meet not only the rated ultimate short-circuit breaking capacity requirements but also the rated service short-circuit breaking capacity requirements. A circuit breaker is a basic low-voltage electrical appliance with overload, short-circuit, and undervoltage protection functions, capable of protecting lines and power sources. The main technical indicators are rated voltage and rated current. Circuit breakers have different functions depending on the application, with many varieties and specifications, and numerous specific technical indicators. Free tripping of circuit breakers: If the protection action closes the tripping circuit at any moment during the closing process of the circuit breaker, and the circuit breaker can reliably disconnect completely, this is called free tripping. Circuit breakers with free tripping ensure rapid disconnection in case of a short-circuit fault during closing, preventing the expansion of the accident scope.

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