bihl und wiedemann electrical components Germany bihl und wiedemann models bihl und wiedemann prices

bihl und wiedemann electrical components are commonly used temperature-sensing elements in temperature measurement instruments. They directly measure temperature and convert the temperature signal into a thermoelectric EMF signal, which is then converted into the temperature of the measured medium by an electrical instrument (secondary instrument). The external shapes of various thermocouples often differ significantly depending on requirements, but their basic structures are largely similar. They typically consist of main components such as hot electrodes, insulating protective tubes, and terminal blocks, and are usually used in conjunction with display instruments, recording instruments, and electronic regulators. In industrial production processes, temperature is one of the important parameters that need to be measured and controlled. In temperature measurement, thermocouples are widely used. They offer many advantages, including simple structure, ease of manufacturing, wide measurement range, high accuracy, low inertia, and output signals suitable for long-distance transmission. Additionally, since thermocouples are passive sensors that do not require an external power supply during measurement, they are very convenient to use. Therefore, they are often used to measure the temperature of gases or liquids inside furnaces and pipelines, as well as the surface temperature of solids.

bihl und wiedemann electrical component types

(1) Electron tubes can be classified by application into voltage amplifier tubes, power amplifier tubes, gas-filled tubes, thyratrons, ignitrons, frequency converter tubes, rectifier tubes, detector tubes, tuning indicator tubes (magic eye), and voltage regulator tubes. (2) Electron tubes can be classified by the number of electrodes into voltage amplifier tubes, triodes, tetrodes, pentodes, hexodes, heptodes, octodes, nonodes, and composite tubes. Tubes with more than three electrodes are also called multi-electrode tubes or multi-grid tubes. (3) Electron tubes can be classified by shape and envelope material into bottle-shaped glass tubes (ST tubes), "acorn" tubes, cylindrical glass tubes (GT tubes), large glass tubes (G style tubes), metal-ceramic tubes, miniature tubes (also known as peanut tubes or finger tubes, MT tubes), tower tubes (lighthouse tubes), and sub-miniature tubes (pencil-shaped tubes). (4) Electron tubes can be classified by internal structure into single diodes, diodes, double-diode triodes, dual diodes, single triodes, power pentodes, beam tetrodes, beam pentodes, duo-diodes, diode-pentode composite tubes, beam tetrodes, triode-pentode composite tubes, triode-hexode composite tubes, triode-heptode composite tubes, and various types of beam power tubes. (5) Electron tubes can be classified by cathode heating method into directly heated cathode electron tubes (current passes directly through the cathode to achieve thermionic emission) and indirectly heated cathode electron tubes (the cathode is heated by a filament adjacent to it). (6) Electron tubes can be classified by shielding method into sharp-cutoff shielded electron tubes and remote-cutoff shielded electron tubes. (7) Electron tubes can be classified by cooling method into water-cooled electron tubes, air-cooled electron tubes, and naturally cooled electron tubes.

bihl und wiedemann electrical component structure

The main purpose of fiber optic connectors is to achieve fiber splicing. Fiber optic connectors, which are widely used in fiber optic communication systems, come in many types with different structures. However, upon closer examination, the basic structure of various types of fiber optic connectors is consistent. Most fiber optic connectors generally use high-precision components (consisting of two ferrules and one coupling sleeve, totaling three parts) to achieve aligned connection of the fibers. This method involves inserting and fixing the fiber into the ferrule, polishing the ferrule surface, and achieving alignment within the coupling sleeve. The external components of the ferrule are made of metal or non-metallic materials. The mating end of the ferrule must be polished, while the other end typically uses a strain relief component to support the fiber or fiber optic cable to release stress. The coupling sleeve is generally made of two halves synthesized from materials such as ceramic or bronze, forming a tight cylindrical component. It is often equipped with metal or plastic flanges to facilitate the installation and fixation of the connector. To align the fibers as precisely as possible, the machining precision of the ferrule and coupling sleeve is required to be very high.

bihl und wiedemann electrical component principles

A circuit breaker generally consists of a contact system, arc extinguishing system, operating mechanism, trip unit, and housing. During a short circuit, the magnetic field generated by the high current overcomes the reaction spring force, causing the trip unit to pull the operating mechanism and trip the switch instantaneously. During an overload, the current increases, intensifying heat generation. The bimetallic strip deforms to a certain extent, pushing the mechanism to act (the higher the current, the shorter the action time). There are electronic types that use current transformers to collect the current magnitude of each phase and compare it with the set value. When the current is abnormal, the microprocessor sends a signal to cause the electronic trip unit to activate the operating mechanism. The function of a circuit breaker is to cut off and connect load circuits, as well as to disconnect fault circuits, preventing accident expansion and ensuring safe operation. Arc extinguishing is a problem that high-voltage circuit breakers must address. The principle of blowing out and extinguishing the arc mainly involves cooling the arc to weaken thermal ionization. On the other hand, blowing the arc elongates it, strengthening the recombination and diffusion of charged particles, while simultaneously blowing away charged particles in the arc gap, rapidly restoring the insulation strength of the medium. Low-voltage circuit breakers, also known as automatic air switches, can be used to connect and disconnect load circuits, and can also control motors that do not start frequently. Their functions are equivalent to the sum of part or all of the functions of electrical components such as knife switches, overcurrent relays, undervoltage relays, thermal relays, and residual current protective devices. They are important protective electrical appliances in low-voltage distribution networks. Low-voltage circuit breakers have multiple protection functions (overload, short circuit, undervoltage protection, etc.), adjustable action values, high breaking capacity, easy operation, and safety advantages, so they are widely used. Structure and working principle: Low-voltage circuit breakers consist of an operating mechanism, contacts, protection devices (various trip units), and an arc extinguishing system. The main contacts of a low-voltage circuit breaker are closed manually or electrically. After the main contacts close, the free-trip mechanism locks the main contacts in the closed position. The coil of the overcurrent trip unit and the thermal element of the thermal trip unit are connected in series with the main circuit, while the coil of the undervoltage trip unit is connected in parallel with the power supply. When a short circuit or severe overload occurs in the circuit, the armature of the overcurrent trip unit attracts, causing the free-trip mechanism to act and the main contacts to disconnect the main circuit. When the circuit is overloaded, the thermal element of the thermal trip unit heats up, causing the bimetallic strip to bend and push the free-trip mechanism to act. When the circuit voltage is too low, the armature of the undervoltage trip unit releases, also causing the free-trip mechanism to act. The shunt trip unit is used for remote control. During normal operation, its coil is de-energized. When remote control is needed, pressing the start button energizes the coil.

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