Black Box electrical components German Black Box model Black Box price

Black Box electrical components are tools that can accurately determine and measure temperature, divided into pointer thermometers and digital thermometers. Depending on the temperature-sensing substance used and the temperature measurement range, there are kerosene thermometers, alcohol thermometers, mercury thermometers, gas thermometers, resistance thermometers, thermocouple thermometers, radiation thermometers and optical pyrometers, bimetallic thermometers, etc. Digital thermometers can accurately determine and measure temperature, displaying it digitally rather than with a pointer or mercury. Hence they are called digital thermometers or digital temperature gauges.

Black Box electrical component principle

P-type semiconductor is formed by doping an intrinsic semiconductor (a completely pure, structurally perfect semiconductor crystal) with a small amount of trivalent impurity elements, such as boron. Since a boron atom has only three valence electrons, it forms covalent bonds with surrounding silicon atoms. Due to the lack of one electron, a vacancy is created in the crystal. When an electron from an adjacent covalent bond gains energy, it may fill this vacancy, causing the boron atom to become an immobile negative ion, while the covalent bond of the original silicon atom, lacking one electron, forms a hole. However, the entire semiconductor remains electrically neutral. In this P-type semiconductor, conduction is primarily due to holes, which are the majority carriers, while free electrons are the minority carriers. The principle of N-type semiconductor formation is similar to that of P-type. Pentavalent atoms, such as phosphorus, are doped into the intrinsic semiconductor. After doping, they form covalent bonds with silicon atoms, generating free electrons. In N-type semiconductors, electrons are the majority carriers, and holes are the minority carriers. Therefore, by doping trivalent and pentavalent impurity elements into two different regions of an intrinsic semiconductor, P-type and N-type regions are formed. Based on the characteristics of N-type and P-type semiconductors, a concentration difference of electrons and holes appears at their junction. Both electrons and holes diffuse from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration, disrupting the electrical neutrality at the original junction. PN junction unidirectional conductivity: When a forward voltage V is applied across the PN junction, the equilibrium state of the PN junction is broken under the influence of this external electric field. Holes in the P region and electrons in the N region both move toward the PN junction. Holes neutralize the negative ions in the P region of the PN junction, and electrons neutralize the positive ions in the N region of the PN junction, thereby narrowing the PN junction. As the external electric field increases, diffusion motion is further enhanced, while drift motion is weakened. When the external voltage exceeds the threshold voltage, the PN junction acts as a resistor with very low resistance, meaning the PN junction is conducting.

Black Box electrical component applications

SMD inductors are electromagnetic induction components made by winding insulated wire. They belong to commonly used inductor components. Function of SMD inductors: Passing DC and blocking AC is a simple description; they isolate AC signals, filter them, or form resonant circuits with capacitors, resistors, etc. Tuning and frequency selection function of inductors: An inductor coil connected in parallel with a capacitor can form an LC tuning circuit. Any current in the circuit through an SMD inductor generates a magnetic field, and the magnetic flux of this field acts on the circuit. When the current passing through the SMD inductor changes, the DC voltage potential generated in the SMD inductor opposes the change in current. When the current through the inductor coil increases, the self-induced electromotive force generated by the inductor coil is opposite to the direction of the current, opposing the increase in current, while converting part of the electrical energy into magnetic energy stored in the inductor. When the current through the inductor coil decreases, the self-induced electromotive force is in the same direction as the current, opposing the decrease in current, while releasing stored energy to compensate for the decrease in current. Therefore, after inductive filtering, not only are the ripples in load current and voltage reduced and the waveform smoothed, but the conduction angle of the rectifier diode also increases. Inductor function 1: Color-ring inductors have a current-blocking effect: The copper core in color-ring inductor coils always opposes changes in current within the coil. Color-ring inductors impede AC current used in circuits; the magnitude of this impedance is called inductive reactance XL, measured in ohms. Its relationship with inductance L and AC frequency f is XL=2πfL. Color-ring inductors are mainly classified into high-frequency choke coils and low-frequency choke coils. Inductor function 2: Color-ring inductors have tuning and frequency selection functions: A color-ring inductor connected in parallel with an electrolytic capacitor can form an LC tuning circuit. At resonance, the inductive reactance and capacitive reactance of the circuit are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction, meaning the natural oscillation frequency f0 of the circuit equals the frequency f of the non-AC signal. Consequently, the inductive reactance and capacitive reactance of the loop are also equal. The usage frequency of color-ring inductors is generally not very high, and color-ring inductors used in circuits are generally quite stable. Inductor function 6: The main uses of color-ring inductors include signal screening, noise filtering, current stabilization, and suppression of electromagnetic interference. The basic function of color-ring inductors is charging and discharging, but many circuit phenomena derived from this basic charging and discharging function give color-ring inductors various different applications. Today, color-ring inductors are widely used by customers, and the role played by these small inductors should not be underestimated.

Black Box electrical component applications

The most basic application of ordinary thyristors is controlled rectification. The familiar diode rectifier circuit belongs to uncontrolled rectification circuits. If diodes are replaced with thyristors, a controlled rectification circuit can be constructed. Taking the simplest single-phase half-wave controlled rectification circuit as an example, during the positive half-cycle of the sinusoidal AC voltage U2, if the gate of VS receives no trigger pulse Ug, VS still cannot conduct. Only when U2 is in the positive half-cycle and a trigger pulse Ug is applied to the gate is the thyristor triggered into conduction. Draw its waveforms (c) and (d); voltage UL appears across the load RL only when the trigger pulse Ug arrives. If Ug arrives early, the thyristor conducts earlier; if Ug arrives late, the thyristor conducts later. By changing the arrival time of the trigger pulse Ug at the gate, the average value UL of the output voltage across the load can be adjusted. In electrical engineering technology, half a cycle of AC is often defined as 180°, called the electrical angle. Thus, in each positive half-cycle of U2, the electrical angle experienced from the zero value to the instant the trigger pulse arrives is called the control angle α; the electrical angle during which the thyristor conducts in each positive half-cycle is called the conduction angle θ. Clearly, α and θ are both used to indicate the conduction or blocking range of the thyristor during the half-cycle when it withstands forward voltage. By changing the control angle α or the conduction angle θ, the average value UL of the pulsed DC voltage across the load is changed, achieving controlled rectification. Low-power plastic-packaged bidirectional triacs are typically used in sound and light-controlled lighting systems. Rated current is less than 11A. Large and medium-power plastic-packaged and metal-can-packaged thyristors are typically used in power-type controlled voltage regulation circuits, such as adjustable DC power supplies. High-power high-frequency thyristors are typically used in industrial applications, such as high-frequency melting furnaces.

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