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blv licht electrical components are components that can convert electrical energy into magnetic energy and store it. The structure of an inductor is similar to that of a transformer, but it has only one winding. An inductor has a certain inductance and only opposes changes in current. If the inductor is in a state with no current flowing through it, it will attempt to oppose current flow when the circuit is closed; if the inductor is in a state with current flowing through it, it will attempt to maintain the current unchanged when the circuit is opened. Inductors are also known as chokes, reactors, and dynamic reactors.

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A relay is an automatic switching component with isolation functionality, widely used in remote control, telemetry, communications, automatic control, mechatronics, and power electronic equipment, and is one of the most important control components. Relays generally have a sensing mechanism (input section) capable of responding to specific input variables (such as current, voltage, power, impedance, frequency, temperature, pressure, speed, light, etc.); an actuating mechanism (output section) capable of implementing "on" and "off" control of the controlled circuit; and between the input and output sections of the relay, there is an intermediate mechanism (drive section) for coupling and isolating the input quantity, processing functions, and driving the output section. As control components, relays generally have the following functions: (1) Expand control range: For example, when the control signal of a multi-contact relay reaches a certain value, it can simultaneously switch, open, or close multiple circuits according to different forms of contact groups. (2) Amplification: For example, sensitive relays and intermediate relays can control high-power circuits using a very small control quantity. (3) Signal integration: For example, when multiple control signals are input into a multi-winding relay in a specified form, they are compared and integrated to achieve the predetermined control effect. (4) Automatic, remote control, and monitoring: For example, relays on automatic devices can form program control circuits together with other electrical appliances, thereby achieving automated operation.

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When the voltage applied to a varistor is below its threshold, the current flowing through it is extremely small, equivalent to a resistor with infinite resistance. That is, when the voltage applied to it is below its threshold, it acts as a switch in the open state. When the voltage applied to the varistor exceeds its threshold, the current flowing through it surges, equivalent to a resistor with infinitesimal resistance. That is, when the voltage applied to it is above its threshold, it acts as a switch in the closed state. Protection principle of surge absorbers: In the standby state, the varistor has very high impedance (several megaohms) relative to the protected electronic components and does not affect the characteristics of the original design circuit. However, when an instantaneous surge voltage occurs (exceeding the breakdown voltage of the surge absorber), the impedance of the surge absorber drops low (only a few ohms), causing a short circuit in the line, thereby protecting electronic products or more expensive components.

blv licht electrical components principle

Based on different usage purposes, various types of thermometers have been designed and manufactured. Their design bases include: the phenomenon of thermal expansion and contraction of solids, liquids, and gases under the influence of temperature; the change in pressure of gas (or vapor) due to temperature differences under constant volume conditions; the effect of thermoelectric effects; the change in resistance with temperature; the influence of thermal radiation, etc. 1. Gas thermometers: Hydrogen or helium is mostly used as the temperature-measuring substance because their liquefaction temperatures are very low, close to absolute zero, so their temperature measurement range is very wide. This type of thermometer has high accuracy and is mostly used for precision measurements. 2. Resistance thermometers: Divided into metal resistance thermometers and semiconductor resistance thermometers, both are made based on the characteristic that resistance values change with temperature. Metal thermometers mainly use pure metals such as platinum, gold, copper, and nickel, as well as rhodium-iron and phosphor bronze alloys; semiconductor thermometers mainly use carbon, germanium, etc. Resistance thermometers are convenient and reliable to use and have been widely applied. 3. Thermocouple thermometers: A temperature-measuring instrument widely used in industry. Made using the thermoelectric effect. Two different metal wires are welded together to form the working end, and the other ends are connected to measuring instruments to form a circuit. When the working end is placed at the temperature to be measured, and there is a temperature difference between the working end and the free end, an electromotive force appears, resulting in current flowing through the loop. By measuring electrical quantities and using the known temperature at one location, the temperature at another location can be determined. It is suitable for situations with large temperature differences between two substances and is mostly used for high-temperature and low-turbidity measurements. 4. Dial thermometers: Thermometers shaped like instrument panels, also known as room thermometers, used to measure room temperature, made using the principle of thermal expansion and contraction of metals. They use bimetallic strips as temperature-sensing elements to control the pointer. Bimetallic strips are usually made by riveting copper and iron sheets together, with the copper sheet on the left and the iron sheet on the right. Since the thermal expansion and contraction effect of copper is much more significant than that of iron, when the temperature rises, the copper sheet pulls the iron sheet to bend to the right, and the pointer deflects to the right driven by the bimetallic strip (pointing to high temperature); conversely, when the temperature drops, the pointer deflects to the left driven by the bimetallic strip. 5. Glass tube thermometers: Glass tube thermometers utilize the principle of thermal expansion and contraction to achieve temperature measurement. Due to the different expansion coefficients, boiling points, and freezing points of the temperature-measuring media, the common glass tube thermometers mainly include: kerosene thermometers, mercury thermometers, and red ink thermometers. Their advantages are simple structure, ease of use, relatively high measurement accuracy, and low price. The disadvantages are that the upper and lower measurement limits and accuracy are limited by the quality of the glass and the properties of the temperature-measuring medium. They cannot transmit data over long distances and are fragile. 6. Pressure thermometers: Pressure thermometers use the volume expansion or pressure change generated by heating liquids, gases, or saturated vapors in a closed container as the measurement signal. Its basic structure consists of three parts: a temperature bulb, a capillary tube, and an indicator gauge. The advantages of pressure thermometers are: simple structure, high mechanical strength, and resistance to vibration. Low price and no need for external energy. The disadvantages are: limited temperature measurement range; large heat loss and slow response time. 17. Mercury thermometers are a type of expansion thermometer and can only be used as local monitoring instruments. Using them to measure temperature is not only simple and intuitive but also avoids errors associated with remote transmission thermometers.

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