Canalplast electrical components, German Canalplast models, Canalplast prices

Canalplast electrical components are surge absorbers/varistor assemblies. Due to their nonlinear resistance change with voltage, they exhibit symmetry in both directions (positive and negative). They respond to abnormal voltages on the line, absorbing most of the surge/lightning energy while suppressing the abnormal voltage to a safe range, thereby improving the safety and stability of the circuit. In the standby state, the surge absorber (varistor) has very high impedance (several megohms) relative to the protected electronic components and does not affect the characteristics of the original design circuit. However, when an instantaneous surge voltage appears (exceeding the breakdown voltage of the surge absorber), the impedance of the surge absorber drops low (to only a few ohms), causing a short circuit in the line, thereby protecting electronic products or more expensive components.

Canalplast electrical component characteristics

(1) features a wide transient response range and strong harmonic measurement capability. The quality of transient characteristics is an important parameter for determining whether a transformer can be applied in power systems, particularly regarding coordination with relay protection operation times. Traditional electromagnetic transformers have poor response characteristics to high-frequency signals due to the presence of an iron core and cannot correctly reflect the transient process on the primary side. In contrast, the frequency range of optical current transformers is mainly determined by the electronic circuit section, without iron core saturation issues, allowing accurate reflection of the transient process on the primary side. The structure of optical sensors allows measurement of harmonics on high-voltage power lines, which is difficult to achieve with electromagnetic induction transformers. (2) Digital interface with strong communication capability: Since optical sensors transmit optical digital signals, they interface easily with communication networks without measurement errors during transmission. With the widespread adoption of microprocessor-based protection and control equipment, optical current transformers can directly provide digital quantities to secondary equipment, eliminating the need for converters and A/D sampling sections in original protection devices, greatly simplifying secondary equipment and promoting research into new protection principles. (3) Small size, light weight, and easy upgradability meet the requirements for miniaturization and compactness of substations. As optical sensors rely on sensor heads and electronic circuits for signal acquisition and processing, they are small in size, generally weighing less than 1006 kg, making them easy to integrate into AIS or GIS. This significantly reduces the footprint of substations, meeting miniaturization and compactness requirements. Additionally, optical current transformers connect to secondary equipment via a small number of optical fibers, greatly reducing cable trenches and cabling.

Canalplast electrical component classification

Thermosensitive materials are generally classified into three categories: semiconductors, metals, and alloys: 1. Semiconductor thermistor materials include single-crystal semiconductors, polycrystalline semiconductors, glass semiconductors, organic semiconductors, and metal oxides. They all possess very large temperature coefficients of resistance and high resistivity, resulting in high sensitivity for sensors made from them. Based on the temperature coefficient of resistance, they can also be divided into negative temperature coefficient (NTC) materials and positive temperature coefficient (PTC) materials. For example, barium titanate ceramic is an ideal PTC semiconductor material. Both types of materials are widely used in temperature measurement, temperature control, temperature compensation, switching circuits, overload protection, and time delay applications, such as in the manufacture of thermistor thermometers, thermistor switches, and thermistor delay relays. Due to the exponential relationship between resistance and temperature, these materials have a narrow temperature measurement range and poor uniformity. 2. Metal thermistor materials are widely used as thermal resistors for temperature measurement, current limiters, and automatic constant-temperature heating elements, such as platinum resistance thermometers, nickel resistance thermometers, and copper resistance thermometers. Among these, platinum temperature sensors exhibit high precision and high stability in various media (including corrosive media). However, their widespread application is limited by the scarcity and high cost of platinum. Copper temperature sensors are cheaper, but long-term use in corrosive media can lead to significant changes in static characteristics and resistance values. Nickel temperature sensors are widely used abroad and are considered an ideal material due to their high sensitivity, satisfactory reproducibility, and stability. 3. Alloy thermistor materials, also known as thermistor alloys. These alloys have higher resistivity and their resistance values are sensitive to temperature changes, making them good materials for manufacturing temperature-sensitive sensors. The performance requirements for thermistor alloys as temperature-sensitive sensors are as follows: (1) sufficiently high resistivity; (2) relatively high temperature coefficient of resistance; (3) linear expansion coefficient close to that of experimental materials; (4) low strain sensitivity coefficient; (11) good repeatability of the resistance-temperature curve during heating and cooling within the operating temperature range.

Canalplast electrical component structure

1. LCD panel: The LCD panel includes a polarizing film, glass substrates, black matrix, color filters, protective film, common electrodes, alignment layer, liquid crystal layer (liquid crystal, spacers, sealant), capacitors, display electrodes, prism layer, and light-diffusing layer. The polarizing film is also known as a polarizer, Polarizers are divided into upper and lower polarizers, The polarization functions of the upper and lower polarizers are perpendicular to each other, acting like a fence, blocking light wave components as required, for example, blocking light wave components perpendicular to the polarizer fence, while only allowing light wave components parallel to the fence to pass through. 2. Glass substrate: In liquid crystal displays, glass substrates can be divided into upper and lower substrates, their main function is to hold the liquid crystal material in the space between the two substrates. The material for glass substrates is generally alkali-free borosilicate glass with excellent mechanical properties, heat resistance, and chemical corrosion resistance. For TFT-LCD, one glass substrate is distributed with TFT, while the other glass substrate is deposited with color filters. 3. Black matrix: The black matrix uses materials with high light-blocking performance, to separate the red, green, and blue primary colors in the color filters (to prevent color mixing) and prevent light leakage, thereby helping to improve the contrast of each color block. In addition, in TFT-LCD, the black matrix can also conceal internal electrode traces or thin-film transistors. Color filters are also known as color filter films, their function is to produce 3 primary colors of light: red, green, and blue, achieving full-color display on the liquid crystal display. 4. Alignment layer: The alignment layer is also known as an orientation film or directional layer, Its function is to enable liquid crystal molecules to achieve uniform alignment and orientation at the microscopic level. 5. Transparent electrodes: Transparent electrodes are divided into common electrodes and pixel electrodes, The input signal voltage is applied between the pixel electrode and the common electrode. Transparent electrodes are typically formed by depositing indium tin oxide (ITO) material on a glass substrate to create a transparent conductive layer. 6. Liquid crystal material: The liquid crystal material acts as a light valve in the LCD, controlling the brightness of transmitted light, thereby achieving the effect of information display. 7. Driver IC: The driver IC is essentially a set of integrated circuit chip devices, used to adjust and control the phase, peak value, frequency, and other parameters of the potential signals on the transparent electrodes, establishing a driving electric field, ultimately realizing information display with liquid crystals. In the liquid crystal panel, the active matrix liquid crystal display is constructed by sealing twisted nematic (TN) liquid crystal material between two glass substrates. Among them, the upper glass substrate closer to the display screen is deposited with red, green, and blue (RGB) color filters (also known as color filter films), a black matrix, and a common transparent electrode. The lower glass substrate (the substrate farther from the display screen) is equipped with thin-film transistor (TFT) devices, transparent pixel electrodes, storage capacitors, gate lines, signal lines, etc. Alignment films (also known as alignment layers) are prepared on the inner sides of the two glass substrates, to orient the liquid crystal molecules. Liquid crystal material is injected between the two glass substrates, spacers are distributed, to ensure uniformity of the gap. The periphery is bonded using frame sealant, serving a sealing function; The common electrodes of the upper and lower glass substrates are connected using a silver dot adhesive process. On the outer sides of the upper and lower glass substrates, polarizers (also known as polarizing films) are attached respectively. When a voltage is applied between the pixel transparent electrode and the common transparent electrode, the alignment state of the liquid crystal molecules changes. At this time, the intensity of incident light transmitted through the liquid crystal also changes accordingly. Liquid crystal displays utilize the optical rotatory power of liquid crystal materials, combined with electric field control, to achieve information display. 8. Backlight module: LCD products are non-emissive electronic devices, which do not have light-emitting properties themselves, and must rely on light emission from the light source in the backlight module to achieve display performance; therefore, the brightness of LCD is determined by its backlight module. Thus, the performance of the backlight module directly affects the display quality of the liquid crystal panel. The backlight module includes illumination light sources, reflectors, light guide plates, diffuser sheets, brightness enhancement films (prism sheets), and frames. The backlight modules used in LCD can be mainly divided into two categories: edge-lit backlight modules and direct-lit backlight modules. Mobile phones, laptops, and monitors (15 inches) mainly use edge-lit backlight modules, while LCD TVs mostly use direct-lit backlight module light sources. Backlight module light sources mainly use cold cathode fluorescent lamps and light-emitting diodes as the backlight sources for LCD. 9. Reflector: The reflector, also known as the reflector housing, primarily functions to direct all light emitted by the light source into the light guide plate, Minimize unnecessary losses as much as possible. 1. Light guide plate: The main function of the light guide plate is to direct light from the side-mounted light source toward the front of the panel. 11. Prism sheet: The prism sheet, also known as a brightness enhancement film, primarily functions to refract and totally internally reflect scattered light through this film layer, concentrating it within a specific angle before emitting it from the backlight source, thereby achieving a screen brightness enhancement effect.20. Diffuser sheet: The main function of the diffuser sheet is to correct the edge-lit light from the backlight module into a uniform surface light source to achieve optical diffusion. Diffuser sheets are categorized into upper and lower diffuser sheets. The upper diffuser sheet is located between the prism sheet and the liquid crystal assembly, closer to the display panel. The lower diffuser sheet is located between the light guide plate and the prism sheet, closer to the backlight source.

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