CARBOGNIN MARIO electrical components Germany CARBOGNIN MARIO models CARBOGNIN MARIO prices

CARBOGNIN MARIO electrical components are resistive devices with nonlinear voltage-current characteristics, primarily used for voltage clamping when circuits experience overvoltage, absorbing excess current to protect sensitive components. The resistive body material of varistors is semiconductor, making them a type of semiconductor resistor. The widely used "zinc oxide" varistor has a main body composed of divalent zinc and hexavalent oxygen. Therefore, from a materials perspective, zinc oxide varistors are a type of "II-VI group oxide semiconductor." In Taiwan, China, varistors are called "surge absorbers," sometimes also referred to as "electric shock (surge) suppressors (absorbers)." Varistors are voltage-limiting protection devices. Utilizing the nonlinear characteristics of varistors, when overvoltage appears across the two poles of a varistor, it can clamp the voltage to a relatively fixed value, thereby protecting downstream circuits. Main parameters of varistors include: varistor voltage, current handling capacity, junction capacitance, response time, etc. The response time of varistors is at the ns level, faster than gas discharge tubes and slightly slower than TVS tubes; generally, their response speed meets requirements for overvoltage protection in electronic circuits. The junction capacitance of varistors is typically in the range of hundreds to thousands of Pf, making them often unsuitable for direct application in high-frequency signal line protection. When applied in AC circuit protection, their larger junction capacitance increases leakage current, which must be fully considered in protection circuit design. Varistors have relatively large current handling capacity, though smaller than gas discharge tubes. Varistors, abbreviated as VDR, are voltage-sensitive nonlinear overvoltage protection semiconductor components.

CARBOGNIN MARIO electrical component characteristics

Resolution refers to the ability of a sensor to detect the smallest change in the measured quantity. That is, if the input changes slowly from a non-zero value, the sensor output will not change until the input variation exceeds a certain threshold, meaning the sensor cannot resolve changes below this level. Only when the input change exceeds the resolution does the output change. Typically, resolution varies across points within the full-scale range of a sensor, so the maximum input change causing a step change in output within the full scale is commonly used as the resolution metric. If expressed as a percentage of full scale, this is termed resolution. Resolution has a negative correlation with sensor stability.

CARBOGNIN MARIO electrical component classification

Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are broadly classified by layer count into single-sided, double-sided, and multilayer boards. First, single-sided boards: on the basic PCB, components are concentrated on one side, while conductive traces are on the other. Since traces appear only on one side, this type of PCB is called a single-sided PCB. Single-sided boards are typically simple to manufacture and low-cost, but their drawback is inability to support highly complex products. Double-sided boards extend single-sided designs; when single-layer routing cannot meet electronic product needs, double-sided boards are used. Both sides have copper cladding and traces, connected between layers via vias to form required network connections. Multilayer boards refer to printed boards with more than three conductive graphic layers separated by insulating materials, laminated together, with interconnections between conductive graphics as required. Multilayer PCBs are the product of electronic information technology developing toward high speed, multifunctionality, large capacity, small volume, thin profile, and lightweight. Classified by characteristics, PCBs include flexible boards (FPC), rigid boards (PCB), and rigid-flex boards (FPCB).

CARBOGNIN MARIO electrical component structure

The basic structure of a voltage transformer is very similar to that of a transformer, with two windings: one primary winding and one secondary winding. Both windings are mounted or wound on an iron core. Insulation exists between the two windings and between the windings and the iron core, providing electrical isolation. During operation, the primary winding N1 is connected in parallel to the line, and the secondary winding N6 is connected in parallel to instruments or relays. Therefore, when measuring voltage on high-voltage lines, although the primary voltage is high, the secondary side is low voltage, ensuring the safety of operators and instruments.

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