CARLOGAVAZZI electrical components Germany CARLOGAVAZZI model CARLOGAVAZZI price

CARLOGAVAZZI electrical components are energy conversion devices that convert sound signals into electrical signals. Types include moving-coil, condenser, electret, and the recently emerging silicon microphones, as well as liquid microphones and laser microphones. Most microphones are electret condenser microphones, which operate using a polymer diaphragm with permanently isolated charge.

CARLOGAVAZZI electrical components features

Most microphones are electret condenser microphones (ECM), a technology with a history of several decades. The operating principle of ECM utilizes a polymer diaphragm with permanently isolated charge. Compared to the polymer diaphragm of ECM, MEMS microphones exhibit stable performance across different temperatures and are unaffected by temperature, vibration, humidity, and time. Due to strong heat resistance, MEMS microphones can withstand high-temperature reflow soldering without any change in performance. Since the sensitivity change before and after assembly is minimal, this can even save audio debugging costs during the manufacturing process. Currently, integrated circuit processes are increasingly widely applied in the manufacturing of sensors and sensor interface integrated circuits. This microfabrication process offers advantages such as precision, design flexibility, miniaturization, integration with signal processing circuits, low cost, and mass production. A first-order resonant frequency in such a low frequency range will result in highly uneven frequency response within the audible frequency range, which is unacceptable for microphone applications. When tensile stress exists within the sensitive membrane, its resonant frequency increases, but at the cost of sensitivity. Of course, higher first-order resonant frequencies can be obtained by adjusting the dimensions of the sensitive membrane, but this will still reduce sensitivity. Thus, piezoresistive solutions are not suitable for the manufacture of micro-microphones. A feasible solution is to adopt a capacitive scheme to manufacture micro-microphones. The advantage of this method is that all materials used in integrated circuit manufacturing processes can be used for sensor manufacturing. However, manufacturing micro-microphones using a single-chip process is quite difficult because the air medium between the two capacitor plates can only have a very small gap. Moreover, due to size limitations, bias voltage is difficult to satisfy in some application scenarios. Based on these issues, research on capacitive microphones has continued uninterrupted. Compared to traditional electret microphones, micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) microphones offer advantages such as small size, good heat resistance, good consistency, good stability, high reliability, and resistance to radio frequency interference, and can also output digital signals, facilitating intelligent development.

CARLOGAVAZZI electrical components principle

A DC power supply has two electrodes, positive and negative. The positive electrode has a high potential, and the negative electrode has a low potential. When the two electrodes are connected to a circuit, they maintain a constant potential difference between the two ends of the circuit, thereby forming a current from the positive electrode to the negative electrode in the external circuit. Relying solely on the difference in water levels cannot maintain a steady water flow, but using a pump to continuously move water from a lower level to a higher level can maintain a certain water level difference and form a steady water flow. Similarly, relying solely on the electrostatic field generated by electric charges cannot maintain a steady current. With the help of a DC power supply, non-electrostatic forces (referred to as "non-electrostatic force") can be used to return positive charges from the negative electrode with lower potential through the interior of the power supply to the positive electrode with higher potential, thereby maintaining the potential difference between the two electrodes and forming a steady current. Therefore, a DC power supply is an energy conversion device that converts other forms of energy into electrical energy to supply the circuit, maintaining the steady flow of current.

CARLOGAVAZZI electrical components principle

A Schottky diode is a metal-semiconductor device made by using precious metals (gold, silver, aluminum, platinum, etc.) A as the anode and N-type semiconductor B as the cathode, utilizing the rectifying characteristics of the barrier formed at their contact surface. Because there are a large number of electrons in the N-type semiconductor and only a very small number of free electrons in the precious metal, electrons diffuse from the high-concentration B to the low-concentration A. Clearly, there are no holes in the metal A, so there is no diffusion movement of holes from A to B. As electrons continuously diffuse from B to A, the electron concentration on the surface of B gradually decreases, disrupting surface electrical neutrality and forming a barrier, with the electric field direction being B → A. However, under the influence of this electric field, electrons in A also produce a drift motion from A → B, thereby weakening the electric field formed by the diffusion motion. After a space charge region of a certain width is established, the electron drift motion caused by the electric field and the electron diffusion motion caused by the concentration difference reach a relative balance, forming the Schottky barrier. The internal circuit structure of a typical Schottky rectifier uses N-type semiconductor as the substrate, on which an N-epitaxial layer doped with arsenic is formed. The anode uses materials such as molybdenum or aluminum to form a barrier layer. Silicon dioxide is used to eliminate the electric field in the edge region, increasing the voltage withstand value of the tube. The N-type substrate has a very small on-state resistance, and its doping concentration is 110% times higher than that of the H-layer. An N+ cathode layer is formed under the substrate to reduce the contact resistance of the cathode. By adjusting structural parameters, a Schottky barrier is formed between the N-type substrate and the anode metal.

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