CITELELECTRONIC electrical components Germany CITELELECTRONIC model CITELELECTRONIC price

CITELELECTRONIC electrical components include resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, transistors, field-effect transistors, thyristors, transformers, relays, sensors...; electronic devices include analog circuits (operational amplifiers, comparators, signal conditioners), logic circuits (flip-flops, counters, decoders, registers, transceivers, NOT gates, AND gates, OR gates, NAND gates, NOR gates, XOR gates), microcontrollers, memory, digital potentiometers, signal conversion circuits (A/D converters, D/A converters, voltage/frequency converters), communication circuits (various interface circuits), monitoring and reset circuits (power supply monitoring, program monitoring)..., too numerous to mention.

CITELELECTRONIC electrical component principles

A photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light signals into electrical signals. Its core part is also a PN junction. Compared with ordinary diodes, the structural difference is that, to facilitate the reception of incident light, the PN junction area is made as large as possible, the electrode area is made as small as possible, and the junction depth of the PN junction is very shallow, generally less than 3 micrometers. Photodiodes operate under reverse voltage. When there is no illumination, the reverse current is very small, called dark current. When illuminated, photons carrying energy enter the PN junction and transfer energy to bound electrons on covalent bonds, causing some electrons to break free from covalent bonds, thereby generating electron-hole pairs, known as photogenerated carriers. Under the action of reverse voltage, they participate in drift motion, significantly increasing the reverse current; the greater the light intensity, the greater the reverse current. This characteristic is called "photoconductivity." The current generated by a photodiode under general illumination is called photocurrent. If a load is connected in the external circuit, the load receives an electrical signal, and this electrical signal changes correspondingly with changes in light. Photodiodes are widely used photosensitive devices in electronic circuits. Like ordinary diodes, photodiodes have a PN junction; the difference is that the photodiode housing has a transparent window to receive light irradiation, achieving photoelectric conversion. In circuit diagrams, the text symbol is generally VD.

CITELELECTRONIC electrical component characteristics

(1) wide transient response range, strong harmonic measurement capability. The quality of transient characteristics is an important parameter for judging whether a transformer can be applied in power systems, especially in coordination with relay protection operation times. Traditional electromagnetic transformers have poor response characteristics to high-frequency signals due to the presence of an iron core and cannot correctly reflect the transient process on the primary side. In contrast, the frequency range of optical current transformers is mainly determined by the electronic circuit part, without the problem of iron core saturation, so they can accurately reflect the transient process on the primary side. The structure of optical sensors can measure harmonics on high-voltage power lines, which is difficult for electromagnetic induction transformers to achieve. (2) digital interface, strong communication capability. Since the optical sensor transmits optical digital signals, it is easy to interface with communication networks, and there is no measurement error during transmission. Meanwhile, with the widespread adoption of microprocessor-based protection and control equipment, optical current transformers can directly provide digital quantities to secondary equipment, thus eliminating the need for converters and A/D sampling parts in the original protection devices, greatly simplifying secondary equipment and promoting research into new protection principles. (3) small size, light weight, easy to upgrade, meeting the requirements for miniaturization and compactness of substations. Since optical sensors rely on sensor heads and electronic circuits for signal acquisition and processing, they are small in size, with weights generally below 1001 kg, making them easy to integrate into AIS or GIS, thereby greatly reducing the footprint of substations and meeting the requirements for substation miniaturization and compactness. At the same time, optical current transformers connect to secondary equipment via a small number of optical fibers, significantly reducing cable trenches and cables.

CITELELECTRONIC electrical component principles

A DC power supply has two electrodes, positive and negative. The potential of the positive electrode is high, and the potential of the negative electrode is low. When the two electrodes are connected to the circuit, they maintain a constant potential difference between the two ends of the circuit, thereby forming a current from the positive electrode to the negative electrode in the external circuit. Relying solely on the difference in water levels cannot maintain a steady flow of water, but using a pump to continuously send water from a lower level to a higher level can maintain a certain water level difference and form a steady flow. Similarly, relying solely on the electrostatic field generated by charges cannot maintain a steady current, but with the help of a DC power supply, non-electrostatic forces (referred to as "non-electrostatic force") can be used to return positive charges from the negative electrode with lower potential through the interior of the power supply to the positive electrode with higher potential, maintaining the potential difference between the two electrodes and thus forming a steady current. Therefore, a DC power supply is an energy conversion device that converts other forms of energy into electrical energy to supply the circuit, maintaining the steady flow of current.

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