CML electrical components Germany CML model CML price

CML electrical components are indispensable measuring instruments for departments such as power electronics, generally with the main purpose of measuring voltage, current, and resistance. Multimeters are divided into analog multimeters and digital multimeters according to the display method. It is a multi-function, multi-range measuring instrument. General multimeters can measure DC current, DC voltage, AC current, AC voltage, resistance, and audio levels, etc. Some can also measure AC current, capacitance, inductance, and some parameters of semiconductors (such as β), etc. A multimeter is a magnetoelectric instrument equipped with a rectifier, capable of measuring AC and DC current, voltage, resistance, and other electrical parameters. For each electrical quantity, there are generally several ranges. Also known as a multi-meter or simply multitester. A multimeter consists of a magnetoelectric ammeter (meter head), measuring circuit, and selector switch, etc. By switching the selector switch, various electrical parameters can be conveniently measured. The main basis for its circuit calculation is Ohm's law for closed circuits. There are many types of multimeters, which should be selected according to different requirements during use.

CML electrical component principle

The basic principle of a multimeter is to use a sensitive magnetoelectric DC ammeter (microammeter) as the meter head. When a small current passes through the meter head, there will be a current indication. However, the meter head cannot pass large currents, so resistors must be connected in parallel and series with the meter head for shunting or voltage reduction, thereby measuring the current, voltage, and resistance in the circuit. The measurement process of a digital multimeter converts the measured quantity into a DC voltage signal via a conversion circuit, then converts the voltage analog quantity into a digital quantity by an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter, then counts via an electronic counter, and finally displays the measurement result directly as numbers on the display screen. The functions of measuring voltage, current, and resistance in a multimeter are realized through the conversion circuit part, while the measurement of current and resistance is based on voltage measurement. That is to say, a digital multimeter is expanded on the basis of a digital DC voltmeter. The digital DC voltmeter A/D converter transforms the continuously changing analog voltage quantity over time into a digital quantity, then the electronic counter counts the digital quantity to obtain the measurement result, and the decoding display circuit displays the measurement result. The logic control circuit controls the coordinated operation of the circuit, completing the entire measurement process in sequence under the action of the clock.

CML electrical component classification

Printed circuit boards are divided into three major categories according to the number of layers: single-sided boards, double-sided boards, and multi-layer boards. First is the single-sided board. On the most basic PCB, components are concentrated on one side, and traces are concentrated on the other side. Because traces appear only on one side, this kind of PCB is called a single-sided printed circuit board. Single-sided boards are usually simple to manufacture and low in cost, but the disadvantage is that they cannot be applied to too complex products. Double-sided boards are an extension of single-sided boards. When single-layer routing cannot meet the needs of electronic products, double-sided boards must be used. Both sides have copper cladding and traces, and vias can be used to conduct circuits between the two layers, forming the required network connections. Multi-layer boards refer to printed circuit boards formed by laminating more than three layers of conductive graphic layers with insulating materials in between, and the conductive graphics in between are interconnected as required. Multi-layer printed circuit boards are the product of the development of electronic information technology towards high speed, multi-function, large capacity, small volume, thin profile, and light weight. According to characteristics, printed circuit boards are divided into flexible boards (FPC), rigid boards (PCB), and rigid-flex boards (FPCB).

CML electrical component principle

When two different conductors or semiconductors A and B form a loop, and their two ends are connected to each other, as long as the temperatures at the two junctions are different, with one end temperature being T, called the working end or hot end, and the other end temperature being T0, called the free end or cold end, an electromotive force will be generated in the loop. The direction and magnitude of this electromotive force are related to the material of the conductors and the temperatures of the two junctions. This phenomenon is called the "thermoelectric effect". The loop composed of two conductors is called a "thermocouple", these two conductors are called "thermoelectrodes", and the generated electromotive force is called "thermoelectromotive force". The thermoelectromotive force consists of two parts of electromotive force: one is the contact electromotive force of the two conductors, and the other is the temperature difference electromotive force of a single conductor. The magnitude of the thermoelectromotive force in the thermocouple loop is only related to the conductor materials composing the thermocouple and the temperatures of the two junctions, and is unrelated to the shape and size of the thermocouple. After the materials of the two electrodes of the thermocouple are fixed, the thermoelectromotive force is the function difference of the two junction temperatures t and t0. That is, this relationship has been widely applied in actual temperature measurement. Because the cold end t0 is constant, the thermoelectromotive force generated by the thermocouple changes only with the change of the hot end (measurement end) temperature, that is, a certain thermoelectromotive force corresponds to a certain temperature. We can achieve the purpose of temperature measurement simply by measuring the thermoelectromotive force. The basic principle of thermocouple temperature measurement is that two conductors of different compositions form a closed loop. When there is a temperature gradient at both ends, current will flow through the loop, and there will be an electromotive force between the two ends—thermoelectromotive force. This is the so-called Seebeck effect. Two homogeneous conductors of different compositions serve as thermoelectrodes. The end with the higher temperature is the working end, and the end with the lower temperature is the free end. The free end is usually at a constant temperature. Based on the functional relationship between thermoelectromotive force and temperature, a thermocouple graduation table is made; the graduation table is obtained under the condition that the free end temperature is 6℃. Different thermocouples have different graduation tables. When a third metal material is introduced into the thermocouple loop, as long as the temperatures of the two junctions of this material are the same, the thermoelectromotive force produced by the thermocouple will remain unchanged, i.e., it is not affected by the introduction of the third metal into the loop. Therefore, when measuring temperature with a thermocouple, a measuring instrument can be connected. After measuring the thermoelectromotive force, the temperature of the measured medium can be known. When measuring temperature with a thermocouple, it is required that the temperature of its cold end (the measurement end is the hot end, and the end connected to the measuring circuit via lead wires is called the cold end) remains constant, so that the magnitude of its thermoelectromotive force has a certain proportional relationship with the measured temperature. If the (ambient) temperature of the cold end changes during measurement, it will seriously affect the accuracy of the measurement. Taking certain measures at the cold end to compensate for the impact caused by changes in cold end temperature is called normal cold junction compensation for thermocouples. Special compensation wires are used to connect to the measuring instrument. Thermocouple cold junction compensation calculation methods: (1) From millivolts to temperature: Measure the cold end temperature, convert it to the corresponding millivolt value, add it to the millivolt value of the thermocouple, and convert to temperature; (2) From temperature to millivolts: Measure the actual temperature and the cold end temperature, convert them separately to millivolt values, subtract to obtain the millivolt value, and thus obtain the temperature.

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