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df electric electrical components are diodes manufactured to provide voltage regulation by utilizing the phenomenon where the current can vary over a wide range while the voltage remains essentially constant in the PN junction reverse breakdown state. This diode is a semiconductor device that exhibits high resistance until the critical reverse breakdown voltage is reached. At this critical breakdown point, the reverse resistance drops to a very low value; in this low-resistance region, the current increases while the voltage remains constant. Zener diodes are graded according to their breakdown voltage. Due to this characteristic, Zener diodes are primarily used as voltage regulators or voltage reference elements. Zener diodes can be connected in series for use at higher voltages, allowing higher stable voltages to be obtained through series connection.

df electric electrical components function

The modulated pulses generated by the oscillation circuit pass through the reflection circuit, and light pulses are radiated by the light-emitting tube GL. When the measured object enters the effective range of the light receiver, the reflected light pulses enter the photosensitive transistor DU. In the receiving circuit, the light pulses are demodulated into electrical pulse signals, then amplified and synchronously gated and shaped by an amplifier. Interference is then eliminated using digital integration or RC integration methods. Finally, a driver is triggered with or without delay to output the photoelectric switch control signal. Photoelectric switches generally have good hysteresis characteristics, so even if the detected object shakes within a small range, the output state of the driver is not affected, thereby keeping it in a stable operating zone. Meanwhile, the self-diagnostic system can display the light-receiving status and the stable operating zone to monitor the operation of the photoelectric switch at any time. Proximity switches are widely used in aviation, aerospace technology, and industrial production. They are also applied in daily life, such as in automatic doors in hotels, restaurants, and garages, and in automatic hot air blowers. For security and anti-theft purposes, important locations such as archives, accounting departments, financial institutions, museums, and vaults are typically equipped with anti-theft devices composed of various proximity switches. In measurement technology, such as length and position measurement, and in control technology, such as displacement, speed, and acceleration measurement and control, a large number of proximity switches are also used.

df electric electrical components principle

The forward characteristic of the volt-ampere characteristic curve of a Zener diode is similar to that of an ordinary diode. In the reverse characteristic, when the reverse voltage is lower than the reverse breakdown voltage, the reverse resistance is very high and the reverse leakage current is extremely small. However, when the reverse voltage approaches the critical value of the reverse voltage, the reverse current increases suddenly, which is called breakdown. At this critical breakdown point, the reverse resistance suddenly drops to a very small value. Although the current varies over a wide range, the voltage across the diode remains basically stable near the breakdown voltage, thereby realizing the voltage regulation function of the diode.

df electric electrical components application

Photoelectric sensors that use photoelectric elements as sensitive elements come in many types and have a wide range of applications. According to the nature of the output quantity of the photoelectric sensor, they can be divided into two categories: (1) Photoelectric measuring instruments that convert the measured quantity into a continuously changing photocurrent, which can be used to measure physical quantities such as light intensity, object temperature, light transmittance, displacement, and surface condition. For example: illuminance meters for measuring light intensity, photoelectric pyrometers, photoelectric colorimeters and turbidimeters, photoelectric alarms for fire prevention, and automatic inspection devices and instruments for checking the diameter, length, ellipticity, and surface roughness of machined parts, all of which use photoelectric elements as their sensitive elements. Semiconductor photoelectric elements are not only widely used in the civil industrial field but also hold an important position in military applications. For example, lead sulfide photoresistors can be used to make infrared night vision devices, infrared cameras, and infrared navigation systems; (8) Converting the measured quantity into a continuously changing photocurrent. Various photoelectric automatic devices are made by utilizing the characteristic of photoelectric elements to output "yes" or "no" electrical signals when exposed to light or no light. Photoelectric elements are used as switching photoelectric conversion elements. For example, photoelectric input devices for electronic computers, switching temperature regulation devices, and digital photoelectric tachometers for speed measurement.

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