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dischereit electrical components are resistive devices with nonlinear voltage-current characteristics, primarily used for voltage clamping when circuits experience overvoltage, absorbing excess current to protect sensitive components. The resistive body material of varistors is semiconductor, making them a type of semiconductor resistor. The widely used "zinc oxide" varistor has a main body composed of divalent zinc and hexavalent oxygen. Therefore, from a materials perspective, zinc oxide varistors are a type of "II-VI group oxide semiconductor." In Taiwan, China, varistors are called "surge absorbers," sometimes also referred to as "electric shock (surge) suppressors (absorbers)." Varistors are voltage-limiting protection devices. Utilizing the nonlinear characteristics of varistors, when overvoltage appears across the two poles of a varistor, it can clamp the voltage to a relatively fixed value, thereby protecting downstream circuits. The main parameters of varistors include: varistor voltage, current handling capacity, junction capacitance, response time, etc. The response time of varistors is at the ns level, faster than gas discharge tubes, but slightly slower than TVS tubes. Generally, their response speed meets the requirements for overvoltage protection in electronic circuits. The junction capacitance of varistors is typically in the range of hundreds to thousands of Pf, making them unsuitable for direct application in high-frequency signal line protection in many cases. When applied in AC circuit protection, their larger junction capacitance increases leakage current, which must be fully considered in protection circuit design. Varistors have a large current handling capacity, but smaller than that of gas discharge tubes. Varistors, abbreviated as VDR, are voltage-sensitive nonlinear overvoltage protection semiconductor components.

dischereit electrical component principles

A DC power supply has positive and negative electrodes; the positive electrode has a higher potential, and the negative electrode has a lower potential. When the two electrodes are connected to a circuit, they maintain a constant potential difference between the two ends of the circuit, thereby forming a current from the positive to the negative electrode in the external circuit. Relying solely on the difference in water levels cannot maintain a steady flow; however, using a pump to continuously move water from a lower to a higher level maintains a certain water level difference, forming a steady flow. Similarly, relying solely on the electrostatic field generated by electric charges cannot maintain a steady current. With a DC power supply, non-electrostatic forces (referred to as "non-electrostatic force") can move positive charges from the negative electrode at a lower potential, through the interior of the power supply, back to the positive electrode at a higher potential, maintaining the potential difference between the two electrodes and thus forming a steady current. Therefore, a DC power supply is an energy conversion device that converts other forms of energy into electrical energy to supply the circuit, maintaining the steady flow of current.

dischereit electrical component characteristics

The static characteristics of a sensor refer to the relationship between the output and input quantities for static input signals. Since the input and output quantities are independent of time in this case, their relationship, i.e., the static characteristics of the sensor, can be described by an algebraic equation without time variables, or by a characteristic curve plotted with the input quantity as the abscissa and the corresponding output quantity as the ordinate. The main parameters characterizing the static characteristics of sensors include: linearity, sensitivity, hysteresis, repeatability, drift, etc. (1) Linearity: Refers to the degree to which the actual relationship curve between the sensor's output and input deviates from the fitted straight line. It is defined as the ratio of the maximum deviation between the actual characteristic curve and the fitted straight line over the full scale range to the full-scale output value. (2) Sensitivity: Sensitivity is an important indicator of a sensor's static characteristics. It is defined as the ratio of the increment in the output quantity to the corresponding increment in the input quantity that causes it. S is used to denote sensitivity. (3) Hysteresis: Hysteresis is the phenomenon where the input-output characteristic curves do not coincide during the change of input quantity from small to large (forward stroke) and from large to small (reverse stroke). For the same magnitude of input signal, the output signals of the sensor's forward and reverse strokes are not equal; this difference is called the hysteresis error. (4) Repeatability: Repeatability refers to the degree of inconsistency in the characteristic curves obtained when the sensor's input quantity undergoes continuous multiple full-scale changes in the same direction. (5) Drift: Sensor drift refers to the phenomenon where the sensor's output changes over time while the input remains constant. There are two causes for drift: one is the sensor's own structural parameters; the other is the surrounding environment (such as temperature, humidity, etc.). (6) Resolution: When the sensor's input slowly increases from a non-zero value, an observable change in output occurs after exceeding a certain increment; this input increment is called the sensor's resolution, i.e., the minimum input increment. (7) Threshold: When the sensor's input slowly increases from zero, an observable change in output occurs after reaching a certain value; this input value is called the sensor's threshold voltage.

dischereit electrical component parameters

The main characteristic parameters of quartz crystal resonators include nominal frequency, adjustment frequency tolerance, temperature frequency tolerance, equivalent resistance, drive level, load capacitance, shunt capacitance, aging rate, and temperature range. (1) Nominal frequency is the specified center resonance frequency of the resonator under prescribed conditions. (2) Adjustment frequency tolerance is the maximum deviation of the operating frequency from the nominal frequency at the reference temperature under prescribed conditions. (3) Temperature frequency tolerance is the allowable deviation of the operating frequency relative to the operating frequency at the reference temperature over the entire operating temperature range under prescribed conditions. (4) Reference temperature is the specified ambient temperature when measuring quartz crystal resonator parameters. For oven-controlled quartz crystal resonators, it is generally the center point of the operating temperature range; (5) Load resonance resistance is the resistance value at the load resonance frequency when the quartz crystal resonator is connected in series with the specified external capacitance. (6) Drive level refers to the effective power consumed by the quartz crystal resonator during operation; it is a measure of the excitation state applied to the quartz crystal element. In practical use, the drive level can be adjusted; strong excitation makes oscillation easier to start, while weak excitation leads to poor frequency stability or even failure to oscillate. (7) Load capacitance refers to the effective external capacitance that, together with the quartz crystal resonator, determines the load resonance frequency. Load capacitance can be appropriately adjusted according to specific circumstances; generally, adjusting it can tune the resonator's operating frequency to the nominal value. (8) Shunt capacitance refers to the static capacitance between the two pins of the quartz crystal resonator. (9) Aging rate refers to the error caused by the aging change of the quartz crystal over time. (10) Temperature range refers to the allowable range of ambient temperature changes during operation.

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