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dk moriarty electrical components are energy conversion devices that convert sound signals into electrical signals. Types include moving-coil, condenser, electret, and the recently emerging silicon microphones, as well as liquid microphones and laser microphones. Most microphones are electret condenser microphones, which operate using a polymer diaphragm with permanently isolated charge.

dk moriarty electrical component principle

A crystal diode is a p-n junction formed by p-type semiconductor and n-type semiconductor, forming a space charge layer on both sides of the interface and establishing a built-in electric field. When no external voltage is applied, the diffusion current caused by the carrier concentration difference across the p-n junction equals the drift current caused by the built-in electric field, resulting in an electrical equilibrium state. When a forward voltage bias is applied externally, the mutual cancellation between the external electric field and the built-in electric field increases the carrier diffusion current, causing a forward current. When a reverse voltage bias is applied externally, the external electric field and the built-in electric field are further strengthened, forming a reverse saturation current within a certain reverse voltage range that is independent of the reverse bias voltage value. When the applied reverse voltage reaches a certain level, the electric field strength in the space charge layer of the p-n junction reaches a critical value, causing a carrier multiplication process that generates a large number of electron-hole pairs, resulting in a significant reverse breakdown current, known as the diode breakdown phenomenon.

dk moriarty electrical component principle

Inductance is the ratio of the magnetic flux in a conductor to the current producing this flux when alternating current flows through the conductor, generating alternating magnetic flux inside and around the conductor. When direct current flows through an inductor, only fixed magnetic field lines appear around it, not changing with time; however, when alternating current flows through a coil, the magnetic field lines around it change with time. Analyzed according to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction (magnetism generating electricity), changing magnetic field lines generate an induced electromotive force at both ends of the coil, which acts as a "new power source." When a closed loop is formed, this induced electromotive force generates an induced current. According to Lenz's law, the total magnetic field lines generated by the induced current attempt to oppose the change in the original magnetic field lines. Since the change in the original magnetic field lines originates from the changes in the external alternating power source, objectively, the inductor coil has the characteristic of opposing changes in current in an AC circuit. The inductor coil has characteristics similar to inertia in mechanics, named "self-induction" in electrical engineering. Sparks often occur at the moment of opening or closing a knife switch, which is caused by the high induced electromotive force generated by the self-induction phenomenon.

dk moriarty electrical component principle

The basic working principle of fiber optic sensors is to guide light from a light source through an optical fiber into a modulator, where the parameters to be measured interact with the light entering the modulation zone, causing changes in the optical properties of the light (such as intensity, wavelength, frequency, phase, polarization state, etc.), resulting in modulated signal light. The measurement is then completed by utilizing the influence of the measured quantity on the transmission characteristics of the light. There are two types of measurement principles for fiber optic sensors: (1) Physical property-type fiber optic sensor principle: Physical property-type fiber optic sensors utilize the sensitivity of optical fibers to environmental changes to convert input physical quantities into modulated optical signals. Their working principle is based on the optical modulation effect of optical fibers, meaning that when external environmental factors such as temperature, pressure, electric fields, and magnetic fields change, the light transmission characteristics of the fiber, such as phase and light intensity, change. Therefore, by measuring the changes in light phase and intensity through the fiber, changes in the measured physical quantities can be determined. These sensors are also known as sensitive element-type or functional fiber optic sensors. The point source beam of a laser is diffused into parallel waves and split into two paths by a beam splitter: one reference path and one measurement path. External parameters (temperature, pressure, vibration, etc.) cause changes in fiber length and optical phase, generating different numbers of interference fringes. Counting the lateral movement of these fringes allows for the measurement of temperature or pressure. (2) Structural-type fiber optic sensor principle: Structural-type fiber optic sensors are measurement systems composed of photodetection elements (sensitive elements), optical fiber transmission circuits, and measurement circuits. In these systems, the optical fiber serves only as a medium for light propagation, so they are also called light-transmitting or non-functional fiber optic sensors.

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