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DNH electrical components are components that can convert electrical energy into magnetic energy and store it. The structure of an inductor is similar to that of a transformer, but it has only one winding. An inductor has a certain inductance and only opposes changes in current. If the inductor is in a state with no current flowing through it, it will attempt to oppose current flow when the circuit is closed; if the inductor is in a state with current flowing through it, it will attempt to maintain the current unchanged when the circuit is opened. Inductors are also known as chokes, reactors, or dynamic reactors.

DNH electrical component principle

In addition to the function of photodiodes to convert optical signals into electrical signals, phototransistors also have the function of amplifying electrical signals. The appearance of a phototransistor is not much different from that of a general transistor. Generally, a phototransistor only leads out two terminals—the emitter and the collector—while the base is not led out. The casing also has a window to allow light to enter. To increase light exposure, the base area is made large, while the emitter area is small, so that incident light is mainly absorbed by the base region. During operation, the collector junction is reverse-biased, and the emitter junction is forward-biased. In the absence of light, the current flowing through the tube is the dark current Iceo = (1 + β) Icbo (very small), which is smaller than the penetration current of general transistors; when there is light illumination, a large number of electron-hole pairs are excited, causing the current generated at the base Ib to increase. At this time, the current flowing through the tube is called photocurrent, and the emitter current Ie = (3 + β) Ib. It can be seen that phototransistors have higher sensitivity than photodiodes.

DNH electrical component principle

The absorption film irradiated by infrared rays is a thin film with small heat capacity and easy temperature rise. A cavity structure is located directly below the center of the substrate. This structural design ensures the temperature difference between the cold end and the measuring end. The thermocouple is composed of polysilicon and aluminum, connected in series. When the temperature at the measuring end of each thermocouple rises, a thermoelectromotive force Vn is generated between the thermocouples, so the sum of their voltages can be obtained at the output terminal.

DNH electrical component principle

Photoelectric sensors generally consist of 2 parts: processing channels and processing elements. Their basic principle is based on the photoelectric effect, converting changes in the measured quantity into changes in optical signals, which are then further converted into electrical signals by means of photoelectric components. The photoelectric effect refers to the phenomenon where light irradiates an object; this can be viewed as a stream of photons, each carrying a certain amount of energy, bombarding the object. At this point, the photon energy is transferred to electrons, with the entire energy of one photon being absorbed by a single electron at once. After gaining the energy transferred by the photon, the state of the electron changes, thereby causing a corresponding electrical effect in the object exposed to light. The photoelectric effect is typically divided into 4 categories: ① The phenomenon where electrons escape from the surface of an object under the influence of light is called the external photoelectric effect, such as in phototubes and photomultiplier tubes; ② The phenomenon where the resistivity of an object changes under the influence of light is called the internal photoelectric effect, such as in photoresistors and phototransistors; ③ The phenomenon where an object generates an electromotive force in a specific direction under the influence of light is called the photovoltaic effect, such as in photocells. Photoelectric detection methods offer advantages such as high precision, fast response, and non-contact operation. Furthermore, they can measure a wide range of parameters, and the sensor structure is simple with flexible and diverse forms. Therefore, photoelectric sensors are widely used in detection and control applications. Photoelectric sensors are key components in various photoelectric detection systems for achieving photoelectric conversion; they are devices that convert optical signals (visible and ultraviolet laser light) into electrical signals. Photoelectric sensors use photoelectric devices as conversion elements. They can be used to detect non-electrical physical quantities that directly cause changes in light intensity, such as light intensity, illuminance, radiation temperature measurement, and gas composition analysis. They can also be used to detect other non-electrical quantities that can be converted into changes in light intensity, such as part diameter, surface roughness, strain, displacement, vibration, speed, acceleration, as well as object shape and operating status recognition. Photoelectric sensors feature non-contact operation, fast response, and reliable performance, making them widely used in industrial automation equipment and robotics. The continuous emergence of new photoelectric devices, particularly the advent of CCD image sensors, has opened a new chapter for the further application of photoelectric sensors.

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