dotherm electrical components German dotherm models dotherm prices

dotherm electrical components are accessory products used to achieve electrical connections, categorized industrially as connectors. As industrial automation levels rise and industrial control requirements become increasingly strict and precise, the usage of terminal blocks is gradually increasing. With the development of the electronics industry, the scope of application for terminal blocks is expanding, and their varieties are becoming more diverse. The most widely used types, besides PCB board terminals, include hardware terminals, nut terminals, spring terminals, and so on.

dotherm electrical component characteristics

The static characteristics of a sensor refer to the relationship between the sensor's output and input quantities in response to a static input signal. Since both input and output quantities are independent of time in this state, their relationship, i.e., the sensor's static characteristics, can be described by an algebraic equation without time variables, or by a characteristic curve plotted with the input quantity as the abscissa and the corresponding output quantity as the ordinate. The main parameters characterizing sensor static characteristics include: linearity, sensitivity, hysteresis, repeatability, drift, etc. (1) Linearity: Refers to the degree to which the actual relationship curve between the sensor's output and input quantities deviates from the fitted straight line. It is defined as the ratio of the maximum deviation between the actual characteristic curve and the fitted straight line over the full scale range to the full-scale output value. (2) Sensitivity: Sensitivity is an important indicator of a sensor's static characteristics. It is defined as the ratio of the increment in the output quantity to the corresponding increment in the input quantity that causes it. S is used to denote sensitivity. (3) Hysteresis: Hysteresis is the phenomenon where the input-output characteristic curves do not coincide when the input quantity changes from small to large (forward stroke) and from large to small (reverse stroke). For the same magnitude of input signal, the output signals for the forward and reverse strokes are unequal; this difference is called the hysteresis error. (4) Repeatability: Repeatability refers to the degree of inconsistency in the characteristic curves obtained when the sensor's input quantity undergoes continuous multiple full-scale changes in the same direction. (5) Drift: Sensor drift refers to the phenomenon where the sensor's output changes over time while the input quantity remains constant. There are two causes for drift: one is the sensor's own structural parameters; the other is the surrounding environment (such as temperature, humidity, etc.). (6) Resolution: When the sensor's input increases slowly from a non-zero value, an observable change in output occurs after exceeding a certain increment; this input increment is called the sensor's resolution, i.e., the minimum input increment. (7) Threshold: When the sensor's input increases slowly from zero, an observable change in output occurs after reaching a certain value; this input value is called the sensor's threshold voltage.

dotherm electrical component principles

Its operating principle is the same as that of a transformer, and its basic structure also consists of an iron core and primary and secondary windings. It is characterized by a very small and relatively constant capacity, operating close to no-load conditions during normal operation. The impedance of the voltage transformer itself is very small; once a short circuit occurs on the secondary side, the current will increase sharply and burn out the windings. For this reason, fuses are connected to the primary side of the voltage transformer, and the secondary side is reliably grounded to prevent high potential to ground from appearing on the secondary side in case of insulation damage between the primary and secondary sides, which could cause personal injury and equipment accidents. Voltage transformers for measurement are generally made with a single-phase, two-winding structure. The primary voltage is the voltage to be measured (such as the line voltage of the power system). They can be used in single-phase configuration, or two units can be connected in a V-V configuration for three-phase use. Voltage transformers used in laboratories often have multiple taps on the primary side to accommodate the need to measure different voltages. Voltage transformers for protective grounding also include a third winding, known as a three-winding voltage transformer. The third windings of the three phases are connected in an open-delta configuration. The two output terminals of the open delta are connected to the voltage coil of the ground protection relay. During normal operation, the three-phase voltages of the power system are symmetrical, and the sum of the three-phase induced electromotive forces on the third winding is zero. Once a single-phase ground fault occurs, neutral point displacement occurs, and zero-sequence voltage appears between the terminals of the open delta, causing the relay to operate and thus protecting the power system. When zero-sequence voltage appears in the windings, corresponding zero-sequence flux appears in the iron core. Therefore, this type of three-phase voltage transformer uses a side-yoke iron core or employs three single-phase voltage transformers. For this type of transformer, the accuracy requirement for the third winding is not high, but it requires certain over-excitation characteristics (i.e., when the primary voltage increases, the magnetic flux density in the iron core increases by a corresponding factor without damage). Voltage transformers are indispensable electrical devices in power transmission and supply systems such as power plants and substations. Precision voltage transformers are instruments used in electrical testing laboratories to extend measurement ranges and measure voltage, power, and electrical energy. Voltage transformers are very similar to transformers, as both are used to transform voltage on lines. Why is voltage transformation needed on lines? This is because, depending on the different conditions of power generation, transmission, and consumption, the voltage levels on lines vary significantly, with some being low voltage 220V and 388V, and others being high voltage tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of volts. To directly measure these low and high voltages, corresponding low-voltage and high-voltage voltmeters and other instruments and relays would need to be manufactured according to the line voltage levels. This would not only create significant difficulties in instrument manufacturing, but more importantly, it is impossible and absolutely prohibited to directly manufacture high-voltage instruments and measure voltage directly on high-voltage lines.

dotherm electrical component parameters

Key technical parameters of solid-state relays include: input voltage range, input current, turn-on voltage, turn-off voltage, reverse polarity voltage, rated output current, rated output voltage, output voltage, output leakage current, turn-on time, turn-off time, zero-crossing voltage, maximum surge voltage, electrical system peak, voltage rate of rise, operating temperature, ambient temperature range, dielectric withstand voltage, insulation resistance, electrical system peak, turn-off time, conduction time, output terminal leakage current, maximum on-state voltage transient overvoltage, maximum zero-crossing conduction voltage, power consumption, maximum surge current, minimum load current, maximum load current, output voltage range, minimum input impedance, reverse polarity voltage, input current, guaranteed turn-off voltage, guaranteed turn-on voltage, input voltage range.

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