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dresselhaus electrical component is a current-limiting element. After connecting a resistor in the circuit, the resistance value is fixed, typically with two pins, and it can limit the current magnitude through the branch to which it is connected. A resistor whose resistance value cannot be changed is called a fixed resistor. A resistor whose resistance value can be varied is called a potentiometer or variable resistor. An ideal resistor is linear, meaning the instantaneous current through the resistor is proportional to the applied instantaneous voltage. Variable resistors used for voltage division. On the exposed resistive body, one or two movable metal contacts are pressed firmly. The contact position determines the resistance between either end of the resistive body and the contact. The terminal voltage and current have a definite functional relationship. It is a two-terminal device that embodies the ability to convert electrical energy into other forms, represented by the letter R, with the unit ohm Ω. Actual devices such as light bulbs, heating wires, and resistors can all be represented as resistor elements. The resistance value of a resistive element is generally related to temperature, material, length, and cross-sectional area. The physical quantity that measures the extent to which resistance is affected by temperature is the temperature coefficient, defined as the percentage change in resistance value when the temperature increases by 1 ℃. The main physical characteristic of a resistor is converting electrical energy into thermal energy; it can also be said to be a dissipative element, generating internal energy when current passes through it. Resistors typically serve the functions of voltage division and current shunting in circuits. For signals, both AC and DC signals can pass through a resistor.

dresselhaus electrical component classification

For most conductors, at a certain temperature, their resistance remains almost constant at a fixed value; such resistors are called linear resistors. The resistance of some materials changes significantly with current (or voltage), and their volt-ampere characteristic is a curve; such resistors are called nonlinear resistors. For a nonlinear resistor under a given voltage (or current), the ratio of voltage to current is the static resistance at that operating point, and the slope of the volt-ampere characteristic curve is the dynamic resistance. The methods for expressing nonlinear resistor characteristics are relatively complex, but these nonlinear relationships are widely applied in electronic circuits.

dresselhaus electrical component principle

A light-emitting diode (LED), like a standard diode, is composed of a PN junction and also possesses unidirectional conductivity. When a forward voltage is applied to the LED, holes injected from the P region into the N region and electrons injected from the N region into the P region recombine with electrons in the N region and holes in the P region, respectively, within a few micrometers near the PN junction, producing spontaneous radiation fluorescence. The energy states of electrons and holes differ in different semiconductor materials. The amount of energy released when electrons and holes recombine varies; the greater the energy released, the shorter the wavelength of the emitted light. Commonly used are diodes emitting red, green, or yellow light. The reverse breakdown voltage of an LED is greater than 15 volts. Its forward volt-ampere characteristic curve is very steep, so a current-limiting resistor must be connected in series during use to control the current through the diode. The core part of an LED consists of a wafer made of P-type semiconductor and N-type semiconductor. Between the P-type semiconductor and the N-type semiconductor, there is a transition layer called the PN junction. In the PN junction of certain semiconductor materials, when injected minority carriers recombine with majority carriers, excess energy is released in the form of light, thereby directly converting electrical energy into light energy. When a reverse voltage is applied to the PN junction, minority carriers are difficult to inject, so no light is emitted. When it is in the forward operating state (i.e., a forward voltage is applied across the terminals), and current flows from the LED anode to the cathode, the semiconductor crystal emits light of different colors from ultraviolet to infrared. The intensity of the light is related to the current.

dresselhaus electrical component principle

The construction of a mercury switch is very simple. The exterior is a sealed cylindrical insulating housing containing approximately one-fifth mercury. At one end of the housing, two wires leading out from the inside are fixed. This constitutes a mercury switch. Due to gravity, the mercury droplet flows to the lower part of the container. If it simultaneously contacts both electrodes, the switch closes the circuit, turning the switch on. The shape of the container also affects the conditions under which the mercury droplet contacts the electrodes.

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