ELEKTROPROFSVET electrical components German ELEKTROPROFSVET model ELEKTROPROFSVET price

ELEKTROPROFSVET electrical components are a type of transducer that converts guided waves propagating on a transmission line into electromagnetic waves propagating in an unbounded medium (usually free space), or performs the reverse conversion. It is the component used in radio equipment to transmit or receive electromagnetic waves. In engineering systems such as radio communication, broadcasting, television, radar, navigation, electronic countermeasures, remote sensing, and radio astronomy, any system that uses electromagnetic waves to transmit information relies on antennas for operation. In addition, in terms of transmitting energy using electromagnetic waves, non-signal energy radiation also requires antennas. Generally, antennas are reversible, meaning the same antenna can be used as both a transmitting antenna and a receiving antenna. The basic characteristic parameters of the same antenna for transmission or reception are identical. This is the reciprocity theorem of antennas. We know that radio equipment such as communication, radar, navigation, broadcasting, and television devices all transmit information via radio waves and require the radiation and reception of radio waves. In radio equipment, the device used to radiate and receive radio waves is called an antenna. The antenna provides the necessary coupling between the transmitter or receiver and the medium through which radio waves propagate. Like the transmitter and receiver, the antenna is also an important component of radio equipment.

ELEKTROPROFSVET electrical component classification

a. By material: silicon transistors, germanium transistors. b. By structure: NPN, PNP. c. By function: switching transistors, power transistors, Darlington transistors, photosensitive transistors, etc. d. By power: low-power transistors, medium-power transistors, high-power transistors. e. By operating frequency: low-frequency transistors, high-frequency transistors, ultra-high-frequency transistors. f. By structural process: alloy transistors, planar transistors. g. By mounting method: through-hole transistors, surface-mount transistors.

ELEKTROPROFSVET electrical component applications

SMD inductors are electromagnetic induction components made by winding insulated wire. They belong to commonly used inductor components. Function of SMD inductors: passing DC and blocking AC is a simple description; they isolate AC signals, filter them, or form resonant circuits with capacitors, resistors, etc. Function of tuning and frequency-selection inductors: an inductor coil connected in parallel with a capacitor can form an LC tuning circuit. Any current in the circuit passing through an SMD inductor generates a magnetic field, and the magnetic flux of this field acts on the circuit. When the current passing through the SMD inductor changes, the DC voltage potential generated in the SMD inductor opposes the change in current. When the current passing through the inductor coil increases, the self-induced electromotive force generated by the coil is opposite to the direction of the current, opposing the increase in current, while converting part of the electrical energy into magnetic energy stored in the inductor. When the current passing through the inductor coil decreases, the self-induced electromotive force is in the same direction as the current, opposing the decrease in current, while releasing the stored energy to compensate for the decrease in current. Therefore, after inductive filtering, not only are the ripples in load current and voltage reduced and the waveform smoothed, but the conduction angle of the rectifier diode also increases. Inductor function 1: Color-ring inductors have a current-blocking effect: the core in the color-ring inductor coil always opposes changes in the current within the coil. Color-ring inductors impede the alternating current used in circuits; the magnitude of this impedance is called inductive reactance XL, measured in ohms. Its relationship with inductance L and AC frequency f is XL=2πfL. Color-ring inductors are mainly divided into high-frequency choke coils and low-frequency choke coils. Inductor function 2: Color-ring inductors have tuning and frequency-selection functions: a color-ring inductor connected in parallel with an electrolytic capacitor can form an LC tuning circuit. At resonance, the inductive reactance and capacitive reactance of the circuit are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction, meaning the natural oscillation frequency f0 of the circuit equals the frequency f of the AC signal, so the inductive and capacitive reactances of the loop are also equal. The usage frequency of color-ring inductors is generally not very high, and color-ring inductors used in circuits are generally quite stable. Inductor function 4: The main uses of color-ring inductors include signal screening, noise filtering, current stabilization, and suppression of electromagnetic interference. The basic function of a color-ring inductor is charging and discharging, but many circuit phenomena derived from this basic charge-discharge action give color-ring inductors various different applications. Today, color-ring inductors are widely used by customers, and the role played by these small inductors should not be underestimated.

ELEKTROPROFSVET electrical component performance

(1) Electromotive force: Electromotive force is the difference between the equilibrium electrode potentials of the two electrodes. (2) Rated capacity: The theoretical capacity of a battery can be precisely calculated based on the amount of active material at the electrodes in the battery reaction equation and the electrochemical equivalent of the active material calculated according to Faraday's law. Due to possible side reactions in the battery and special design requirements, the actual capacity of the battery is often lower than the theoretical capacity. (3) Rated voltage: The typical operating voltage of a battery at room temperature, also known as nominal voltage. It serves as a reference when selecting different types of batteries. The actual operating voltage of a battery under different usage conditions equals the difference between the equilibrium electrode potentials of the positive and negative electrodes. It depends only on the type of electrode active material, not on the quantity of active material. Battery voltage is essentially DC voltage, but under certain special conditions, phase changes in metal crystals or certain formation films caused by electrode reactions can cause minor voltage fluctuations, a phenomenon known as noise. The amplitude of the fluctuation is very small, but the frequency range is wide, distinguishing it from self-excited noise in circuits. (4) Open-circuit voltage: The terminal voltage of a battery in an open-circuit state is called the open-circuit voltage. The open-circuit voltage of a battery equals the difference between the electrode potential of the positive electrode and the electrode potential of the negative electrode when the battery is in an open circuit (i.e., no current flows through the two poles). The open-circuit voltage of a battery is denoted by V open. The open-circuit voltage of a battery is generally less than its electromotive force. This is because the electrode potentials established by the two poles in the electrolyte solution are usually not equilibrium electrode potentials, but stable electrode potentials. It can generally be approximated that the open-circuit voltage of a battery is its electromotive force. (5) Internal resistance: Battery internal resistance refers to the resistance encountered when current passes through the interior of the battery. It includes ohmic internal resistance and polarization internal resistance; polarization internal resistance further includes electrochemical polarization internal resistance and concentration polarization internal resistance. Due to the presence of internal resistance, the operating voltage of a battery is always less than its electromotive force or open-circuit voltage. Battery internal resistance is not constant; it changes over time (gradually increasing) during charging and discharging because the composition of active materials, electrolyte concentration, and temperature are constantly changing. Ohmic internal resistance obeys Ohm's law. Polarization internal resistance increases with increasing current density, but not linearly; it typically increases as current density increases. Internal resistance is an important indicator determining battery performance, directly affecting the battery's operating voltage, operating current, output energy, and power. For a battery, the smaller the internal resistance, the better. (6) Impedance: Batteries have a large electrode-electrolyte interface area, so a battery can be equivalent to a series circuit of a large capacitor with a small resistor and inductor. However, the actual situation is much more complex, especially since battery impedance changes with time and DC level. The measured impedance is only valid for the specific measurement state. (7) Charge/discharge rate: There are two representation methods: hour rate and C-rate. The hour rate expresses the charge/discharge rate in terms of charge/discharge time; numerically, it equals the battery's rated capacity (ampere-hours) divided by the specified charge/discharge current (amperes), resulting in hours. The C-rate is another way to express charge/discharge rate, with a numerical value equal to the reciprocal of the hour rate. The discharge rate of primary batteries is expressed by the time taken to discharge through a fixed resistor to the cutoff voltage. Discharge rate has a significant impact on battery performance. (8) Service life: Storage life refers to the maximum allowable storage time from battery manufacture to the start of use, measured in years. The total period including both storage and usage periods is called the battery's shelf life. The storage life of batteries is divided into dry storage life and wet storage life. Cycle life is the maximum number of charge/discharge cycles a rechargeable battery can achieve under specified conditions. When specifying cycle life, the charge/discharge cycle test protocol must also be specified, including charge/discharge rate, depth of discharge, and ambient temperature range. (9) Self-discharge rate: The rate at which a battery loses capacity spontaneously during storage. It is expressed as the percentage of capacity lost due to self-discharge per unit of storage time relative to the capacity before storage.

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