ENERGIE electrical components Germany ENERGIE model ENERGIE price

ENERGIE electrical component is a sensor that converts the state of the measured object into a measurable optical signal. The working principle of a fiber optic sensor is to send the light beam from the light source into the modulator via an optical fiber. Inside the modulator, it interacts with external measured parameters, causing changes in the optical properties of the light, such as intensity, wavelength, frequency, phase, and polarization state, becoming a modulated optical signal. It is then sent via optical fiber to a photodetector and demodulator to obtain the measured parameters. Throughout this process, the light beam is introduced via optical fiber, passes through the modulator, and is then emitted, where the function of the optical fiber is first to transmit the light beam, and second to act as an optical modulator.

ENERGIE electrical component characteristics

Under normal circumstances, the actual static characteristic output of a sensor is a curve rather than a straight line. In practical work, to enable the instrument to have uniformly scaled readings, a fitted straight line is often used to approximately represent the actual characteristic curve. Linearity (non-linear error) is a performance indicator of this degree of approximation. There are various methods for selecting the fitted straight line. For example, using the theoretical straight line connecting the zero input and full-scale output points as the fitted straight line; or using the theoretical straight line with the minimum sum of squared deviations from each point on the characteristic curve as the fitted straight line, which is called the least squares fitted straight line.

ENERGIE electrical component principle

The main raw material of ferrite beads is ferrite. Ferrite is a ferrimagnetic material with a cubic lattice structure. Ferrite materials are iron-magnesium alloys or iron-nickel alloys. Their manufacturing process and mechanical properties are similar to ceramics, and their color is gray-black. One type of magnetic core frequently used in electromagnetic interference filters is ferrite material, and many manufacturers provide ferrite materials specifically for electromagnetic interference suppression. This material is characterized by very high high-frequency loss and high permeability, which minimizes the capacitance generated between the coil windings of the inductor under high-frequency, high-impedance conditions. For ferrites used to suppress electromagnetic interference, the most important performance parameters are permeability μ and saturation flux density Bs. Permeability μ can be expressed as a complex number, where the real part constitutes inductance and the imaginary part represents loss, which increases with frequency. Therefore, its equivalent circuit is a series circuit composed of inductance L and resistance R, where both L and R are functions of frequency. When a wire passes through this ferrite core, the resulting inductive impedance formally increases with frequency, but the mechanism is completely different at different frequencies. In the low-frequency range, the impedance consists of the inductive reactance of the inductor. At low frequencies, R is very small, the permeability of the core is high, so the inductance is large, and L plays the main role. Electromagnetic interference is suppressed by reflection, and at this time, the loss of the core is small. The entire device is an inductor with low loss and high Q characteristics. This type of inductor is prone to resonance, so in the low-frequency range, sometimes the phenomenon of increased interference after using ferrite beads may occur. In the high-frequency range, the impedance consists of the resistive component. As the frequency increases, the permeability of the core decreases, leading to a decrease in inductance and inductive reactance. However, at this time, the loss of the core increases, and the resistive component increases, leading to an increase in total impedance. When high-frequency signals pass through the ferrite, electromagnetic interference is absorbed and dissipated as heat. Ferrite suppression components are widely used on printed circuit boards, power lines, and data lines. For example, adding ferrite suppression components at the power line entry of a printed board can filter out high-frequency interference. Ferrite rings or beads are specifically used to suppress high-frequency interference and spike interference on signal lines and power lines, and they also have the ability to absorb electrostatic discharge pulse interference. The value of two components is proportional to the length of the bead, and the length of the bead has a significant impact on the suppression effect; the longer the bead, the better the suppression effect. Inductors can be used for power filtering. The circuit symbol for a ferrite bead is an inductor, but the model number indicates that a ferrite bead is used. In terms of circuit function, ferrite beads and inductors operate on the same principle, differing only in frequency characteristics. Ferrite beads are composed of oxide magnets. Ferrite beads have a significant blocking effect only on high-frequency signals; their resistance is much lower than that of inductors at low frequencies. Ferrite beads are a type of anti-interference component with rapid application development, being inexpensive, easy to use, and effective at filtering high-frequency noise.

ENERGIE electrical component structure

What everyone uses is the unidirectional thyristor, commonly known as the ordinary thyristor. It is composed of four layers of semiconductor materials, has three PN junctions, and has three external electrodes: the electrode drawn from the first layer of P type semiconductor is called the anode A, the electrode drawn from the third layer of P type semiconductor is called the gate G, and the electrode drawn from the fourth layer of N type semiconductor is called the cathode K. From the circuit symbol of the thyristor, it can be seen that, like a diode, it is a unidirectional conductive device. The key difference is the addition of a gate G, which gives it operating characteristics completely different from those of a diode. The P1N1P2N2 four-layer, three-terminal device based on silicon single crystal is internationally known as the silicon controlled rectifier, abbreviated as thyristor T, because its characteristics are similar to vacuum thyratrons. Also, because thyristors were initially used in static rectification, they are also called silicon controlled rectifiers, abbreviated as SCR SCR. In terms of performance, SCRs not only have unidirectional conductivity but also possess controllability more valuable than silicon rectifier elements (commonly known as "dead silicon"). It has only two states: conduction and cutoff. SCRs can control high-power electromechanical equipment with milliampere-level current. If this power is exceeded, due to a significant increase in switching loss of the component, the allowable average current decreases, and the rated current should be derated. SCRs have many advantages, such as controlling high power with low power, with power amplification factors reaching hundreds of thousands of times; extremely fast response, turning on and off within microseconds; contactless operation, no sparks, no noise; high efficiency, low cost, etc. Weaknesses of SCRs: poor static and dynamic overload capacity; prone to mis-triggering due to interference. SCRs are mainly classified by appearance into: bolt type, flat plate type, and flat base type. Structure of SCR components. Regardless of the shape of the SCR, their cores are composed of four-layer P1N1P2N2 structures made of P type silicon and N type silicon. It has three PN junctions (J1, J2, J3). The anode A is drawn from the P1 layer of the J1 structure, the cathode K is drawn from the N2 layer, and the gate G is drawn from the P12 layer, so it is a four-layer, three-terminal semiconductor device.

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