Eviro Elektro electrical components Germany Eviro Elektro model Eviro Elektro price

Eviro Elektro electrical components consist of two conductors placed close to each other with a non-conductive insulating dielectric layer in between, forming a capacitor. When a voltage is applied across the two plates of the capacitor, it stores electric charge. The capacitance value is numerically equal to the ratio of the charge on one conductive plate to the voltage between the two plates. The basic unit of capacitance is the Farad (F). In circuit diagrams, the letter C is commonly used to represent capacitive elements; a capacitor is a component that stores electric charge and electrical energy (electric potential energy). A system of conductors where one conductor is enclosed by another, or where all electric field lines originating from one conductor terminate on another conductor, is called a capacitor.

Eviro Elektro electrical component principles

When two different conductors or semiconductors A and B form a loop with their ends connected, as long as the temperatures at the two junctions are different, with one junction at temperature T (called the working end or hot end) and the other at temperature T0 (called the free end or cold end), an electromotive force (EMF) is generated in the loop. The direction and magnitude of this EMF depend on the materials of the conductors and the temperatures of the two junctions. This phenomenon is called the "thermoelectric effect," the loop formed by the two conductors is called a "thermocouple," the two conductors are called "thermoelectrodes," and the generated EMF is called "thermoelectric EMF." The thermoelectric EMF consists of two parts: the contact EMF between the two conductors and the temperature difference EMF within a single conductor. The magnitude of the thermoelectric EMF in a thermocouple loop depends only on the conductor materials forming the thermocouple and the temperatures of the two junctions, and is independent of the shape and dimensions of the thermocouple. Once the electrode materials of the thermocouple are fixed, the thermoelectric EMF is a function of the difference between the junction temperatures t and t0. This relationship is widely used in practical temperature measurement. Since the cold end t0 is kept constant, the thermoelectric EMF generated by the thermocouple changes only with the temperature of the hot end (measurement end), meaning a specific thermoelectric EMF corresponds to a specific temperature. Temperature measurement can thus be achieved by measuring the thermoelectric EMF. The basic principle of thermocouple temperature measurement is that a closed loop formed by two conductors of different compositions generates a current when a temperature gradient exists between the ends, resulting in an EMF—thermoelectric EMF—between the ends, known as the Seebeck effect. The two homogeneous conductors of different compositions serve as thermoelectrodes, with the higher-temperature end being the working end and the lower-temperature end being the free end, which is usually maintained at a constant temperature. Based on the functional relationship between thermoelectric EMF and temperature, thermocouple reference tables are created; these tables are derived under the condition that the free end temperature is 8 °C, and different thermocouples have different reference tables. When a third metal material is introduced into the thermocouple loop, as long as the temperatures at its two junctions are identical, the thermoelectric EMF generated by the thermocouple remains unchanged, i.e., it is unaffected by the introduction of the third metal. Therefore, during thermocouple temperature measurement, measuring instruments can be connected; once the thermoelectric EMF is measured, the temperature of the measured medium can be determined. Thermocouple temperature measurement requires the cold end temperature (the measurement end is the hot end, and the end connected to the measurement circuit via lead wires is called the cold end) to remain constant so that the thermoelectric EMF maintains a proportional relationship with the measured temperature. If the cold end (ambient) temperature changes during measurement, it will seriously affect measurement accuracy. Taking measures at the cold end to compensate for the effects of cold end temperature changes is called thermocouple cold junction compensation. Dedicated compensation cables are used for connection to measuring instruments. Thermocouple cold junction compensation calculation methods: (1) From millivolts to temperature: Measure the cold end temperature, convert it to the corresponding millivolt value, add it to the thermocouple's millivolt value, and convert the sum to temperature; (2) From temperature to millivolts: Measure the actual temperature and the cold end temperature, convert them separately to millivolt values, subtract them to obtain the net millivolt value, and thus determine the temperature.

Eviro Elektro electrical component parameters

The main characteristic parameters of quartz crystal resonators include nominal frequency, adjustment tolerance, temperature tolerance, equivalent resistance, drive level, load capacitance, shunt capacitance, aging rate, and temperature range. (1) Nominal frequency is the specified center resonance frequency of the resonator under defined conditions. (2) Adjustment tolerance is the maximum deviation of the operating frequency from the nominal frequency at the reference temperature under defined conditions. (3) Temperature tolerance is the allowable deviation of the operating frequency relative to the frequency at the reference temperature over the entire operating temperature range under defined conditions. (4) Reference temperature is the specified ambient temperature when measuring quartz crystal resonator parameters. For oven-controlled quartz crystal resonators, it is generally the center point of the operating temperature range; (5) Load resonance resistance is the resistance value at the load resonance frequency when the quartz crystal resonator is connected in series with a specified external capacitance. (6) Drive level refers to the effective power consumed by the quartz crystal resonator during operation; it is a measure of the excitation state applied to the quartz crystal component. In practical use, the drive level can be adjusted; strong excitation facilitates oscillation startup, while weak excitation leads to poor frequency stability or even failure to oscillate. (7) Load capacitance refers to the effective external capacitance that, together with the quartz crystal resonator, determines the load resonance frequency. Load capacitance can be appropriately adjusted according to specific conditions, allowing the resonator's operating frequency to be tuned to the nominal value. (8) Shunt capacitance refers to the static capacitance between the two pins of the quartz crystal resonator. (9) Aging rate refers to the error caused by changes in the quartz crystal over time. (10) Temperature range refers to the allowable variation range of the ambient temperature during operation.

Eviro Elektro electrical component features

The main characteristics of thermistors are: (1) High sensitivity, with a temperature coefficient of resistance larger than that of metals; (2) Wide operating temperature range; (3) Small size, capable of measuring temperatures in gaps, cavities, and blood vessels within living organisms that other thermometers cannot reach; (4) Easy to use; (5) Easily processed into complex shapes and suitable for mass production; (6) Good stability and strong overload capacity.

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