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FACOM electrical components are transducers that convert changing magnetic fields into changes in output voltage. Hall sensors are primarily used to measure magnetic fields, and can also measure physical quantities that generate and affect magnetic fields, such as in proximity switches, Hall effect devices, position measurement, speed measurement, and current measurement equipment. In its simplest form, the sensor acts as an analog transducer, directly returning a voltage. In a known magnetic field, its distance from the Hall plate can be set. Using multiple sensors, the relative position of the magnet can be inferred. Current through a conductor produces a magnetic field that varies with the current, and Hall effect sensors can measure current without interfering with it. A typical construction integrates the sensor with a wound magnetic core or a permanent magnet next to the conductor under test. Usually, Hall effect sensors are connected to circuits, allowing the device to operate in digital (on/off) mode, in which case they can be called switches. Industrial equipment such as cylinders is also used in everyday devices; for example, some printers use them to monitor paper absence and open covers. When high reliability is required for keyboards, Hall sensors are designed into their keys. Hall effect sensors are commonly used to measure wheel and axle speeds, such as in internal combustion engine ignition timing or tachometers. They are used in brushless DC motors to detect the position of permanent magnets. A wheel with two equidistant magnets causes the voltage on the sensor to peak twice per cycle; this setup is often used to calibrate disk drive speeds.

FACOM electrical component principles

The construction of a mercury switch is simple. It consists of a sealed cylindrical insulating housing containing approximately one-fifth mercury. Two wires leading from the interior are fixed at one end of the housing. This constitutes a mercury switch. Due to gravity, the mercury bead flows to the lower part of the container; if it simultaneously contacts both electrodes, the switch closes the circuit, turning it on. The shape of the container also affects the conditions under which the mercury bead contacts the electrodes.

FACOM electrical component functions

To obtain information from the external environment, humans must rely on their sensory organs. However, relying solely on human sensory organs is far insufficient for studying natural phenomena and laws, as well as for production activities. To adapt to this situation, sensors are required. Therefore, it can be said that sensors are an extension of the human five senses, also known as electronic senses. With the advent of the new technological revolution, the world has begun to enter the information age. In the process of utilizing information, the primary task is to acquire accurate and reliable information, and sensors are the main means and approach for obtaining information in the fields of nature and production. In modern industrial production, especially in automated production processes, various sensors are used to monitor and control various parameters during the production process, ensuring that equipment operates in a normal or optimal state, and enabling products to achieve the best quality. Therefore, it can be said that without numerous high-quality sensors, modernized production would lose its foundation. In basic discipline research, sensors hold an even more prominent position. With the development of modern science and technology, It has entered many new fields: for example, on a macroscopic scale, observing the vast universe spanning thousands of light-years, on a microscopic scale, observing the particle world as small as fm, in the longitudinal dimension, observing celestial evolution over hundreds of thousands of years, and instantaneous reactions as short as s. In addition, research into various extreme technologies has emerged, playing an important role in deepening the understanding of matter and developing new energy sources and new materials, such as ultra-high temperature, ultra-low temperature, ultra-high pressure, ultra-high vacuum, ultra-strong magnetic fields, and ultra-weak magnetic fields. Obviously, to obtain large amounts of information that human senses cannot directly acquire, it is impossible without suitable sensors. Many obstacles in basic scientific research lie primarily in the difficulty of obtaining information about the objects under study, and the emergence of detection sensors with new mechanisms and high sensitivity often leads to breakthroughs in these fields. The development of some sensors is often the pioneer of interdisciplinary development. Sensors have long penetrated into extremely broad fields such as industrial production, space exploration, ocean exploration, environmental protection, resource surveying, medical diagnosis, bioengineering, and even cultural relic conservation. It is no exaggeration to say that from the vastness of space to the vast oceans, and even various complex engineering systems, almost every modern project cannot do without various types of sensors.

FACOM electrical component applications

Thermistors can also serve as electronic circuit components for temperature compensation in instrument circuits and cold-junction temperature compensation for thermocouples. Utilizing the self-heating characteristics of NTC thermistors enables automatic gain control, forming RC oscillator amplitude-stabilization circuits, delay circuits, and protection circuits. When the self-heating temperature is much higher than the ambient temperature, the resistance is also related to the heat dissipation conditions of the environment; therefore, this characteristic of thermistors is often utilized in flow meters, gas analyzers, and thermal conductivity analysis to create specialized detection elements. PTC thermistors are mainly used for overheat protection of electrical equipment, contactless relays, constant temperature control, automatic gain control, motor starting, time delay, automatic degaussing in color TVs, fire alarms, and temperature compensation. Main disadvantages: (1) severe nonlinearity in the relationship between resistance and temperature; (2) poor consistency and interchangeability of components; (3) components are prone to aging and have poor stability; (4) except for special high-temperature thermistors, most thermistors are only suitable for the 0–152℃ range, which must be noted during use.

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