FERMAX electrical components Germany FERMAX model FERMAX price

FERMAX electrical components are transducers that convert electrical signals into acoustic signals. The performance of the loudspeaker significantly affects sound quality. In audio equipment, the loudspeaker is the most vulnerable component, yet it is also the most critical for audio performance. There is a wide variety of loudspeakers with significant price differences. Audio electrical energy causes the paper cone or diaphragm to vibrate through electromagnetic, piezoelectric, or electrostatic effects, resonating with the surrounding air to produce sound. Plastic speaker enclosures, due to their thin walls and inability to overcome resonance, offer poor sound quality (although some well-designed plastic speakers are far superior to low-quality wooden speakers); wooden enclosures reduce sound coloration caused by cabinet resonance, generally providing better sound quality than plastic enclosures. Multimedia speakers typically use a two-way, two-unit design, where a smaller loudspeaker handles mid-to-high frequencies and a larger loudspeaker handles mid-to-low frequencies. When selecting speakers, consider the materials of these two drivers: the tweeters in multimedia active speakers are predominantly soft dome types (such as titanium film domes for analog sources), which, when paired with digital sources, reduce the harshness of high-frequency signals, providing a cool, delicate, and ethereal sound. Multimedia speakers currently mostly use soft dome tweeters with higher-quality silk films and lower-cost PV films.

FERMAX electrical components applications

Wire and cable products used in power systems mainly include bare overhead wires, busbars (busways), power cables (plastic-insulated cables, oil-impregnated paper-insulated power cables (largely replaced by plastic-insulated power cables), rubber-sheathed cables, overhead insulated cables), branch cables (replacing some busbars), magnet wires, and electrical equipment wires and cables for power devices. Wire and cable products used in information transmission systems mainly include telephone cables, TV cables, electronic wires, RF cables, fiber optic cables, data cables, magnet wires, power communication cables, and other composite cables. Apart from bare overhead wires, almost all other products in this category have applications, but the main ones are power cables, magnet wires, data cables, and instrument cables.

FERMAX electrical components principle

When two different conductors or semiconductors A and B form a loop with their ends connected, as long as the temperatures at the two junctions are different, with one end at temperature T (called the working end or hot end) and the other end at temperature T0 (called the free end or cold end), an electromotive force (EMF) is generated in the loop. The direction and magnitude of this EMF depend on the materials of the conductors and the temperatures of the two junctions. This phenomenon is called the "thermoelectric effect," the loop formed by the two conductors is called a "thermocouple," the two conductors are called "thermoelectrodes," and the generated EMF is called "thermo-EMF." Thermo-EMF consists of two parts: the contact EMF between the two conductors and the temperature difference EMF of a single conductor. The magnitude of the thermo-EMF in a thermocouple loop depends only on the conductor materials forming the thermocouple and the temperatures of the two junctions, and is independent of the shape and dimensions of the thermocouple. Once the materials of the two thermocouple electrodes are fixed, the thermo-EMF is the functional difference between the temperatures t and t0 of the two junctions. This relationship is widely used in practical temperature measurement. Since the cold end t0 is constant, the thermo-EMF generated by the thermocouple changes only with the temperature of the hot end (measurement end), meaning a specific thermo-EMF corresponds to a specific temperature. Temperature measurement can be achieved by measuring the thermo-EMF. The basic principle of thermocouple temperature measurement is that two conductors of different compositions form a closed loop; when a temperature gradient exists between the two ends, current flows through the loop, creating an EMF between the ends—thermo-EMF—known as the Seebeck effect. Two homogeneous conductors of different compositions serve as thermoelectrodes, with the higher-temperature end being the working end and the lower-temperature end being the free end, which is usually maintained at a constant temperature. Based on the functional relationship between thermo-EMF and temperature, thermocouple calibration tables are created; these tables are derived under the condition that the free end temperature is 2 °C, and different thermocouples have different calibration tables. When a third metal material is introduced into the thermocouple loop, as long as the temperatures at its two junctions are the same, the thermo-EMF generated by the thermocouple remains unchanged, i.e., it is not affected by the introduction of the third metal. Therefore, during thermocouple temperature measurement, a measuring instrument can be connected to measure the thermo-EMF, thereby determining the temperature of the measured medium. Thermocouple temperature measurement requires the cold end temperature (the end connected to the measurement circuit via lead wires, while the measurement end is the hot end) to remain constant so that the thermo-EMF maintains a proportional relationship with the measured temperature. If the cold end (ambient) temperature changes during measurement, it will seriously affect measurement accuracy. Taking measures at the cold end to compensate for the impact of temperature changes is called thermocouple cold junction compensation. Dedicated compensation wires are used to connect to the measuring instrument. Thermocouple cold junction compensation calculation methods: (1) From millivolts to temperature: Measure the cold end temperature, convert it to the corresponding millivolt value, add it to the thermocouple's millivolt value, and convert to temperature; (2) From temperature to millivolts: Measure the actual temperature and the cold end temperature, convert them separately to millivolt values, subtract to obtain the millivolt value, and thus determine the temperature.

FERMAX electrical components characteristics

The static characteristics of a sensor refer to the relationship between the output and input quantities for static input signals. Since the input and output quantities are independent of time in this case, their relationship, i.e., the static characteristics of the sensor, can be described by an algebraic equation without time variables, or by a characteristic curve plotted with the input quantity as the abscissa and the corresponding output quantity as the ordinate. The main parameters characterizing sensor static characteristics include: linearity, sensitivity, hysteresis, repeatability, and drift. (1) Linearity: Refers to the degree to which the actual relationship curve between the sensor's output and input deviates from the fitted straight line. It is defined as the ratio of the maximum deviation between the actual characteristic curve and the fitted straight line over the full scale range to the full-scale output value. (2) Sensitivity: Sensitivity is an important indicator of a sensor's static characteristics. It is defined as the ratio of the increment in output quantity to the corresponding increment in input quantity that causes it. Sensitivity is denoted by S. (3) Hysteresis: Hysteresis is the phenomenon where the input-output characteristic curves do not coincide when the input quantity changes from small to large (forward stroke) and from large to small (reverse stroke). For the same magnitude of input signal, the output signals for the forward and reverse strokes are not equal; this difference is called the hysteresis error. (4) Repeatability: Repeatability refers to the degree of inconsistency in the characteristic curves obtained when the sensor's input quantity undergoes continuous multiple full-scale changes in the same direction. (5) Drift: Sensor drift refers to the phenomenon where the sensor's output changes over time while the input quantity remains constant. There are two causes of drift: one is the sensor's own structural parameters, and the other is the surrounding environment (such as temperature, humidity, etc.). (6) Resolution: When the sensor's input increases slowly from a non-zero value, an observable change in output occurs after exceeding a certain increment; this input increment is called the sensor's resolution, i.e., the minimum input increment. (7) Threshold: When the sensor's input increases slowly from zero, an observable change in output occurs after reaching a certain value; this input value is called the sensor's threshold voltage.

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