FHF Funke+Huster electrical components Germany FHF Funke+Huster model FHF Funke+Huster price

FHF Funke+Huster electrical components are a new type of contactless switching device composed entirely of solid-state electronic components. It utilizes the switching characteristics of electronic components (such as switching transistors, triacs, and other semiconductor devices) to achieve contactless and spark-free connection and disconnection of circuits, hence it is also called a "contactless switch". A solid-state relay is a four-terminal active device, where two terminals are input control terminals and the other two are output controlled terminals. It has both amplification drive and isolation functions, making it very suitable for driving high-power switching actuators. Compared with electromagnetic relays, it offers higher reliability, is contactless, has a long service life, fast speed, and low interference to the outside world, and has been widely used [1].

FHF Funke+Huster electrical component performance

(1) Electromotive force: Electromotive force is the difference between the equilibrium electrode potentials of two electrodes. (2) Rated capacity: The theoretical capacity of a battery can be precisely calculated based on the amount of active material in the electrode reaction formula and the electrochemical equivalent of the active material calculated according to Faraday's law. Due to possible side reactions in the battery and special design requirements, the actual capacity of the battery is often lower than the theoretical capacity. (3) Rated voltage: The typical working voltage of a battery at room temperature, also known as nominal voltage. It serves as a reference when selecting different types of batteries. The actual working voltage of a battery equals the difference between the equilibrium electrode potentials of the positive and negative electrodes under different operating conditions. It is only related to the type of electrode active material and not to the quantity of active material. Battery voltage is essentially DC voltage, but under certain special conditions, phase changes in metal crystals or certain formation films caused by electrode reactions can cause slight voltage fluctuations, a phenomenon known as noise. The amplitude of the fluctuation is small but the frequency range is wide, so it can be distinguished from self-excited noise in the circuit. (4) Open-circuit voltage: The terminal voltage of a battery in an open-circuit state is called the open-circuit voltage. The open-circuit voltage of a battery equals the difference between the positive electrode potential and the negative electrode potential when the battery is in an open circuit (i.e., no current flows through the two poles). The open-circuit voltage of a battery is represented by V, and the open-circuit voltage of a battery is generally less than its electromotive force. This is because the electrode potentials established by the two poles in the electrolyte solution are usually not equilibrium electrode potentials but stable electrode potentials. It can be approximately considered that the open-circuit voltage of a battery is its electromotive force. (5) Internal resistance: The internal resistance of a battery refers to the resistance encountered when current passes through the interior of the battery. It includes ohmic internal resistance and polarization internal resistance; polarization internal resistance further includes electrochemical polarization internal resistance and concentration polarization internal resistance. Due to the existence of internal resistance, the working voltage of a battery is always less than the electromotive force or open-circuit voltage of the battery. The internal resistance of a battery is not constant; it changes continuously (gradually increasing) during charging and discharging processes because the composition of active materials, the concentration of electrolyte, and temperature are constantly changing. Ohmic internal resistance obeys Ohm's law, while polarization internal resistance increases with increasing current density, but not in a linear relationship. It often increases with increasing current density. Internal resistance is an important indicator determining battery performance; it directly affects the working voltage, working current, output energy, and power of the battery. For a battery, the smaller the internal resistance, the better. (6) Impedance: Batteries have a large electrode-electrolyte interface area, so a battery can be equivalent to a series circuit of a large capacitor with a small resistor and inductor. However, the actual situation is much more complex, especially since the impedance of a battery changes with time and DC level. The measured impedance is only valid for the specific measurement state. (7) Charge/discharge rate: There are two representation methods: hour rate and C-rate. The hour rate is the charge/discharge rate expressed by charge/discharge time, numerically equal to the rated capacity of the battery (ampere-hours) divided by the specified charge/discharge current (amperes) to obtain the number of hours. C-rate is another representation of charge/discharge rate, whose value is the reciprocal of the hour rate. The discharge rate of a primary battery is expressed by the time it takes to discharge through a fixed resistor to the termination voltage. Discharge rate has a significant impact on battery performance. (8) Service life: Storage life refers to the maximum allowable storage time from battery manufacture to the start of use, measured in years. The total period including the storage period and usage period is called the validity period of the battery. The storage life of batteries is divided into dry storage life and wet storage life. Cycle life is the maximum number of charge/discharge cycles a rechargeable battery can achieve under specified conditions. When specifying cycle life, the charge/discharge cycle test regime must also be specified, including charge/discharge rate, depth of discharge, and ambient temperature range. (9) Self-discharge rate: The rate at which a battery loses capacity on its own during storage. It is expressed as the percentage of capacity lost due to self-discharge per unit storage time relative to the capacity before storage.

FHF Funke+Huster electrical component structure

The main purpose of fiber optic connectors is to realize the splicing of optical fibers. Fiber optic connectors, which have been widely used in fiber optic communication systems, come in many types and various structures. However, upon closer examination, the basic structure of various types of fiber optic connectors is consistent, i.e., the vast majority of fiber optic connectors generally use high-precision components (consisting of two ferrules and one coupling tube, totaling three parts) to achieve aligned connection of optical fibers. This method involves inserting and fixing the optical fiber into the ferrule, polishing the surface of the ferrule, and achieving alignment in the coupling tube. The outer component of the ferrule is made of metal or non-metallic materials. The mating end of the ferrule must be ground, and the other end usually uses a strain relief member to support the optical fiber or fiber optic cable to release stress. The coupling tube is generally made of two halves synthesized from ceramic or bronze materials, forming a tight cylindrical component, often equipped with a metal or plastic flange to facilitate the installation and fixation of the connector. To align the optical fibers as precisely as possible, the machining precision of the ferrule and coupling tube is required to be very high.

FHF Funke+Huster electrical component classification

1. Classified by structure into three major categories: fixed capacitors, variable capacitors, and trimmer capacitors. 2. Classified by dielectric: organic dielectric capacitors, inorganic dielectric capacitors, electrolytic capacitors, electric heating capacitors, and air dielectric capacitors, etc. 3. Classified by application: high-frequency bypass capacitors, low-frequency bypass capacitors, filter capacitors, tuning capacitors, high-frequency coupling capacitors, low-frequency coupling capacitors, and small capacitors. 4. Classified by manufacturing material: ceramic capacitors, polyester capacitors, electrolytic capacitors, tantalum capacitors, and advanced polypropylene capacitors, etc. 5. High-frequency bypass: ceramic capacitors, mica capacitors, glass film capacitors, polyester capacitors, glass glaze capacitors. 6. Low-frequency bypass: paper dielectric capacitors, ceramic capacitors, aluminum electrolytic capacitors, polyester capacitors. 7, Filtering: aluminum electrolytic capacitors, paper dielectric capacitors, composite paper dielectric capacitors, liquid tantalum capacitors. 8. Tuning: ceramic capacitors, mica capacitors, glass film capacitors, polystyrene capacitors. 9. Low coupling: paper dielectric capacitors, ceramic capacitors, aluminum electrolytic capacitors, polyester capacitors, solid tantalum capacitors. 10. Small capacitors: metallized paper dielectric capacitors, ceramic capacitors, aluminum electrolytic capacitors, polystyrene capacitors, solid tantalum capacitors, glass glaze capacitors, metallized polyester capacitors, polypropylene capacitors, mica capacitors.

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