fotolec electrical components Germany fotolec model fotolec price

fotolec electrical components are instruments that measure by converting high primary current to low secondary current based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. A current transformer consists of a closed iron core and windings. Its primary winding has very few turns and is connected in series in the circuit where the current needs to be measured. Therefore, the full current of the line often flows through it. The secondary winding has more turns and is connected in series in the measuring instrument and protection circuits. When the current transformer is in operation, its secondary circuit is always closed, so the impedance of the coils in series with the measuring instrument and protection circuit is very small, and the operating state of the current transformer is close to a short circuit. The current transformer converts high primary current to low secondary current for measurement; the secondary side must not be open-circuited. The principle of the current transformer is based on electromagnetic induction. A current transformer consists of a closed iron core and windings. Its primary winding has very few turns and is connected in series in the circuit where the current needs to be measured, so the full current of the line often flows through it. The secondary winding has more turns and is connected in series in the measuring instrument and protection circuits. When the current transformer is in operation, its secondary circuit is always closed, so the impedance of the coils in series with the measuring instrument and protection circuit is very small, and the operating state of the current transformer is close to a short circuit.

fotolec electrical component parameters

(1) Nominal capacitance is the capacitance marked on the capacitor. However, there is a deviation between the actual capacitance of the capacitor and the nominal capacitance. The accuracy class corresponds to the permissible error. General capacitors commonly use classes I, II, and III, while electrolytic capacitors use classes IV, V, and VI to indicate capacitance accuracy, selected according to the application. The capacitance value of an electrolytic capacitor depends on the impedance presented during operation under AC voltage. The capacitance value changes with variations in operating frequency, temperature, voltage, and measurement method. The unit of capacitance is F (Farad). Since a capacitor is a "container" for storing electric charge, there is the issue of "capacity" size. To measure the ability of a capacitor to store electric charge, the physical quantity of capacitance is defined. A capacitor can only store electric charge under the action of an applied voltage. Different capacitors may store different amounts of charge under voltage action. Internationally, it is uniformly specified that when a DC voltage of 1 volts is applied to a capacitor, the amount of charge it can store is the capacitance of that capacitor (i.e., the charge per unit voltage), represented by the letter C. The basic unit of capacitance is the Farad (F). (2) Rated voltage is the maximum DC voltage that can be continuously applied to the capacitor at the minimum and rated ambient temperatures. If the operating voltage exceeds the withstand voltage of the capacitor, the capacitor will break down, causing damage. In practice, as the temperature rises, the withstand voltage value will decrease. (3) Insulation resistance. When DC voltage is applied to a capacitor, leakage current is generated. The ratio between the two is called insulation resistance. When the capacitance is small, its value mainly depends on the surface state of the capacitor. Generally, the higher the insulation resistance, the better. (4) Loss. The energy consumed by heating per unit time under the action of an electric field is called loss. Loss is related to frequency range, dielectric material, conductivity, and the resistance of the metal parts of the capacitor. (16) Frequency characteristics. As the frequency increases, the capacitance of general capacitors tends to decrease. When the capacitor operates below its resonant frequency, it exhibits capacitive behavior; when it exceeds its resonant frequency, it exhibits inductive behavior, at which point it is no longer a capacitor but an inductor. Therefore, it is essential to avoid operating the capacitor above its resonant frequency.

fotolec electrical component characteristics

Resolution refers to the ability of a sensor to detect the smallest change in the measured quantity. That is, if the input changes slowly from a non-zero value, the output of the sensor will not change until the input change exceeds a certain value, meaning the sensor cannot resolve the change in the input. Only when the change in the input exceeds the resolution will the output change. Typically, the resolution at various points within the full-scale range of a sensor is not the same. Therefore, the maximum change in the input that causes a step change in the output within the full-scale range is commonly used as the indicator for resolution. If the above indicator is expressed as a percentage of the full scale, it is called resolution. Resolution has a negative correlation with the stability of the sensor.

fotolec electrical component types

There are many types of loudspeakers. According to their transduction principle, they can be divided into electrodynamic (moving-coil), electrostatic (capacitive), electromagnetic (reed), piezoelectric (crystal), etc. The latter two are mostly used in rural wired broadcasting networks. According to frequency range, they can be divided into low-frequency, mid-frequency, and high-frequency loudspeakers, which are often used as combination loudspeakers in speaker boxes. According to transduction mechanism and structure, they are divided into moving-coil (electrodynamic), capacitive (electrostatic), piezoelectric (crystal or ceramic), electromagnetic (spring-loaded), ionophone, and pneumatic loudspeakers. Electrodynamic loudspeakers have advantages such as good electro-acoustic performance, sturdy structure, and low cost, and are widely used. According to sound radiation material, they are divided into cone, horn, and diaphragm types. According to cone shape, they are divided into circular, oval, double-cone, and rubber surround types. According to operating frequency, they are divided into bass, midrange, and treble. Some are further divided into recorder-specific, TV-specific, ordinary, and hi-fi loudspeakers. According to voice coil impedance, they are divided into low-impedance and high-impedance types. According to effect, they are divided into direct radiation and ambient sound types. Loudspeakers are divided into built-in and external loudspeakers, with external loudspeakers generally referring to speaker boxes. Built-in loudspeakers mean that the MP4 player has built-in speakers, allowing users to listen to the sound from the MP4 player not only through the headphone jack but also through the built-in speakers. MP13 players with built-in speakers can operate without external speakers and avoid the inconvenience of wearing headphones for long periods.

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