GARO electrical components Germany GARO model GARO price

GARO electrical components refer to surge arresters or antenna spark gaps used for overvoltage protection, which contain two or more electrodes filled with a specific amount of inert gas. A gas discharge tube is a gap-type lightning protection component used for lightning protection in communication systems. Gas discharge tubes are widely applied in the lightning protection of communication systems. Discharge tubes are commonly used in the first or first two stages of multi-stage protection circuits to discharge instantaneous lightning overcurrents and limit overvoltages. Due to the high inter-electrode insulation resistance and low parasitic capacitance of discharge tubes, they offer clear advantages for lightning protection of high-frequency signal lines. The main drawbacks of the protection characteristics of discharge tubes are their relatively long discharge delay and less-than-ideal operating sensitivity, making it difficult to effectively suppress lightning waves with steep wavefront rise times, and there is a follow-current issue in lightning protection for power systems. Commonly used gas discharge tubes include two-electrode and three-electrode discharge tubes; their enclosure materials are mostly ceramic, hence they are also referred to as ceramic discharge tubes.

GARO electrical component classification

a. By material: silicon tubes, germanium tubes. b. By structure: NPN, PNP. c. By function: switching tubes, power tubes, Darlington tubes, photosensitive tubes, etc. d. By power: low-power tubes, medium-power tubes, high-power tubes. e. By operating frequency: low-frequency tubes, high-frequency tubes, ultra-high-frequency tubes. f. By structural process: alloy tubes, planar tubes. g. By installation method: through-hole transistors, surface-mount transistors.

GARO electrical component applications

Photoelectric sensors that use photoelectric elements as sensitive components are diverse and widely used. According to the nature of the output of photoelectric sensors, they can be divided into two categories: (1) Photoelectric measuring instruments that convert the measured quantity into a continuously changing photocurrent, which can be used to measure physical quantities such as light intensity, object temperature, light transmission capability, displacement, and surface condition. For example: illuminance meters for measuring light intensity, photoelectric pyrometers, photoelectric colorimeters and turbidimeters, photoelectric alarms for fire prevention, and automatic inspection devices and instruments for checking the diameter, length, ovality, and surface roughness of processed parts, all of which use photoelectric elements as their sensitive components. Semiconductor photoelectric elements are not only widely used in civil industrial fields but also hold an important position in military applications. For example, lead sulfide photoresistors can be made into infrared night vision devices, infrared cameras, and infrared navigation systems; (4) Converting the measured quantity into a continuously changing photocurrent. Various photoelectric automatic devices are made using the characteristic of photoelectric elements to output "yes" or "no" electrical signals when exposed to light or no light. Photoelectric elements are used as switch-type photoelectric conversion elements. For example, photoelectric input devices for electronic computers, switch-type temperature regulation devices, and digital photoelectric tachometers for speed measurement, etc.

GARO electrical component principles

The alternating current generated by the car alternator is rectified into direct current by the rectifier, but its waveform still has irregular fluctuations, which directly affects the accuracy of vehicle ignition; the output voltage cannot remain relatively constant, causing differences in the energy of each spark plug ignition, which can easily cause vehicle engine jitter, gear shift hesitation, slow and weak acceleration, unstable idle speed, and low efficiency of the car air conditioner. This greatly reduces the performance and service life of onboard electrical equipment; coupled with the aging of the circuit system in older cars and the increase in circuit impedance, the impact on the vehicle becomes increasingly obvious. The role of the electronic rectifier is to help the car eliminate noise interference, stabilize the output voltage, improve the instantaneous discharge capability of the power system, increase torque output, accelerate throttle response, extend battery life, shorten engine start time, and improve ignition efficiency, especially for small-displacement cars, where the effect is more noticeable. The semiconductor PN junction has a large current when forward-biased and a small current when reverse-biased. A rectifier diode is a PN junction diode that uses this unidirectional conductivity characteristic of the PN junction to convert alternating current into direct current. Devices with a current capacity below 1 amperes are usually called rectifier diodes, and those above 4 amperes are called rectifiers. Common semiconductor rectifiers include silicon rectifiers and selenium rectifiers, with many product specifications, voltages ranging from tens of volts to thousands of volts, and currents from a few amperes to thousands of amperes. Rectifiers are widely used in various forms of rectified power supplies. High-power rectified power supplies require rectifiers with large current capacity, high breakdown voltage, and good heat dissipation performance, but these devices have large junction areas and large junction capacitance, resulting in very low operating frequencies, generally below tens of kilohertz. Silicon material has a larger bandgap width and good thermal conductivity, making it suitable for making high-power rectifier devices. High-voltage silicon stacks are often used in high-voltage rectification devices, which are composed of multiple rectifier device cores connected in series. Their reverse withstand voltage is determined by the withstand voltage of the cores and the number of series-connected cores, with a maximum withstand voltage reaching hundreds of kilovolts. If a high-frequency rectification circuit is used at very high frequencies, when the period of the alternating voltage is comparable to the recovery time of the rectifier from on-state to off-state, the rectifier no longer performs rectification on the high-frequency voltage. To adapt to high-frequency operation, gold doping is usually used in silicon rectifiers to shorten the lifetime of injected minority carriers, thereby reducing the recovery time. To reduce the possibility of device damage due to overvoltage breakdown and improve the reliability of the rectification device, silicon avalanche rectifiers can be used. In such devices, when the reverse voltage exceeds the allowable peak value, uniform avalanche breakdown occurs across the entire PN junction, allowing the device to operate under high voltage and large current, thus withstanding considerable reverse surge power. The production of such devices requires materials with few defects, uniform resistivity, flat junction surfaces, and appropriate protection of the exposed junction area to avoid surface breakdown. Selenium rectifiers have large overload capacity and strong ability to withstand reverse surge power. In the two basic types of rectifiers based on high-power diodes or thyristors, the high-voltage alternating current power from the grid is converted into direct current power through the rectifier.

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