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ge consumer electrical components are sensor resistors whose resistance changes with temperature. They are classified into positive temperature coefficient (PTC) thermistors and negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors based on their temperature coefficients. The resistance of PTC thermistors increases with rising temperature, while the resistance of NTC thermistors decreases with rising temperature; both are semiconductor devices.

ge consumer electrical components principle

A fuel cell is an energy conversion device that operates on electrochemical principles, specifically the working principle of a primary battery, to isothermally convert the chemical energy stored in fuel and oxidant directly into electrical energy; thus, the actual process is a redox reaction. A fuel cell mainly consists of four parts: the anode, cathode, electrolyte, and external circuit. Fuel gas and oxidant gas are introduced into the anode and cathode of the fuel cell, respectively. The fuel gas releases electrons at the anode; these electrons are conducted through the external circuit to the cathode, where they combine with the oxidant gas to form ions. Under the influence of the electric field, the ions migrate through the electrolyte to the anode, react with the fuel gas, complete the circuit, and generate current. Meanwhile, due to the inherent electrochemical reactions and the internal resistance of the cell, the fuel cell also generates a certain amount of heat. In addition to conducting electrons, the cathode and anode also serve as catalysts for the redox reaction. When the fuel is a hydrocarbon, the anode requires higher catalytic activity. The cathode and anode are typically porous to facilitate the introduction of reactant gases and the removal of products. The electrolyte serves to transport ions and separate the fuel gas from the oxidant gas. To prevent mixing of the two gases, which would cause a short circuit within the cell, the electrolyte is typically dense. The composition of a fuel cell is similar to that of a conventional battery. Its single cell consists of two electrodes (the negative electrode, i.e., the fuel electrode, and the positive electrode, i.e., the oxidant electrode) and an electrolyte. The difference is that the active materials in a conventional battery are stored inside the battery, which limits the battery capacity. In contrast, the positive and negative electrodes of a fuel cell do not contain active materials themselves but act only as catalytic conversion elements. Therefore, a fuel cell is truly an energy conversion machine that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. During operation, fuel and oxidant are supplied externally for the reaction. In principle, as long as reactants are continuously input and reaction products are continuously removed, the fuel cell can generate electricity continuously.

ge consumer electrical components principle

A potentiometric displacement sensor converts mechanical displacement into a resistance or voltage output that has a linear or arbitrary functional relationship with the displacement via a potentiometer element. Standard linear and rotary potentiometers can be used as linear displacement and angular displacement sensors, respectively. However, potentiometers designed for displacement measurement require a definite relationship between displacement change and resistance change. The movable wiper of the potentiometric displacement sensor is connected to the measured object. The displacement of the object causes a resistance change at the moving end of the potentiometer. The magnitude of the resistance change reflects the magnitude of the displacement, while the increase or decrease in resistance indicates the direction of displacement. Typically, a supply voltage is applied across the potentiometer to convert the resistance change into a voltage output. In wire-wound potentiometers, the resistance changes in steps corresponding to the turn-to-turn resistance as the wiper moves, resulting in a stepped output characteristic. If such a displacement sensor is used as a displacement feedback element in a servo system, excessive step voltages can cause system oscillation. Therefore, the resistance per turn should be minimized during potentiometer manufacturing. Another major disadvantage of potentiometric sensors is their susceptibility to wear. Their advantages include simple structure, large output signal, ease of use, and low cost.

ge consumer electrical components characteristics

The static characteristics of a sensor refer to the relationship between the output and input quantities for static input signals. Since the input and output quantities are independent of time in this case, their relationship, i.e., the static characteristics of the sensor, can be described by an algebraic equation without time variables, or by a characteristic curve plotted with the input quantity as the abscissa and the corresponding output quantity as the ordinate. The main parameters characterizing the static characteristics of a sensor include linearity, sensitivity, hysteresis, repeatability, and drift. (1) Linearity: Refers to the degree to which the actual relationship curve between the sensor output and input deviates from the fitted straight line. It is defined as the ratio of the maximum deviation between the actual characteristic curve and the fitted straight line over the full scale range to the full-scale output value. (2) Sensitivity: Sensitivity is an important indicator of the static characteristics of a sensor. It is defined as the ratio of the increment in the output quantity to the corresponding increment in the input quantity that causes this increment. S is used to denote sensitivity. (3) Hysteresis: Hysteresis is the phenomenon where the input-output characteristic curves do not coincide when the input quantity changes from small to large (forward stroke) and from large to small (reverse stroke). For the same magnitude of input signal, the output signals for the forward and reverse strokes are unequal; this difference is called the hysteresis error. (4) Repeatability: Repeatability refers to the degree of inconsistency in the characteristic curves obtained when the input quantity undergoes continuous multiple full-scale changes in the same direction. (5) Drift: Sensor drift refers to the phenomenon where the sensor output changes over time while the input quantity remains constant. There are two causes of drift: one is the sensor's own structural parameters, and the other is the surrounding environment (such as temperature, humidity, etc.). (6) Resolution: When the sensor input slowly increases from a non-zero value, an observable change in output occurs after exceeding a certain increment; this input increment is called the sensor's resolution, i.e., the minimum input increment. (7) Threshold: When the sensor input slowly increases from zero, an observable change in output occurs after reaching a certain value; this input value is called the sensor's threshold voltage.

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