GENERALELECTRIC electrical components German GENERALELECTRIC models GENERALELECTRIC prices

GENERALELECTRIC electrical components are devices that change AC voltage using the principle of electromagnetic induction. The main components are the primary winding, secondary winding, and iron core (magnetic core). Main functions include: voltage transformation, current transformation, impedance transformation, isolation, and voltage stabilization (magnetic saturation transformer). Transformers can be classified by application into: distribution transformers, power transformers, fully sealed transformers, combined transformers, dry-type transformers, oil-immersed transformers, single-phase transformers, furnace transformers, rectifier transformers, reactors, anti-interference transformers, lightning protection transformers, box-type substation test transformers, phase-shifting transformers, high-current transformers, excitation transformers, etc.

GENERALELECTRIC electrical component performance

(1) Electromotive force: Electromotive force is the difference between the equilibrium electrode potentials of two electrodes. (2) Rated capacity: The theoretical capacity of a battery can be precisely calculated based on the amount of active electrode material in the battery reaction equation and the electrochemical equivalent of the active material calculated according to Faraday's law. Due to possible side reactions in the battery and special design requirements, the actual capacity of the battery is often lower than the theoretical capacity. (3) Rated voltage: The typical operating voltage of a battery at room temperature, also known as nominal voltage. It serves as a reference when selecting different types of batteries. The actual operating voltage of a battery equals the difference between the equilibrium electrode potentials of the positive and negative electrodes under different usage conditions. It is related only to the type of electrode active material, not to the quantity of active material. Battery voltage is essentially DC voltage, but under certain special conditions, phase changes in metal crystals or certain formation films caused by electrode reactions can cause minor voltage fluctuations, a phenomenon known as noise. The amplitude of the fluctuation is very small, but the frequency range is wide, distinguishing it from self-excited noise in circuits. (4) Open-circuit voltage: The terminal voltage of a battery in an open-circuit state is called the open-circuit voltage. The open-circuit voltage of a battery equals the difference between the positive electrode potential and the negative electrode potential when the battery is in an open circuit (i.e., no current flows through the two poles). The open-circuit voltage of a battery is denoted by V. The open-circuit voltage of a battery is generally less than its electromotive force. This is because the electrode potentials established by the two poles in the electrolyte solution are usually not equilibrium electrode potentials, but stable electrode potentials. It can be approximately considered that the open-circuit voltage of a battery is its electromotive force. (5) Internal resistance: The internal resistance of a battery refers to the resistance encountered when current passes through the interior of the battery. It includes ohmic internal resistance and polarization internal resistance; polarization internal resistance further includes electrochemical polarization internal resistance and concentration polarization internal resistance. Due to the existence of internal resistance, the operating voltage of a battery is always less than its electromotive force or open-circuit voltage. The internal resistance of a battery is not constant; it changes continuously over time (gradually increasing) during charging and discharging processes because the composition of active materials, the concentration of the electrolyte, and the temperature are constantly changing. Ohmic internal resistance obeys Ohm's law. Polarization internal resistance increases with increasing current density, but the relationship is not linear; it commonly increases as current density increases. Internal resistance is an important indicator determining battery performance; it directly affects the battery's operating voltage, operating current, output energy, and power. For a battery, the smaller the internal resistance, the better. (6) Impedance: A battery has a large electrode-electrolyte interface area, so the battery can be equivalent to a series circuit of a large capacitor with a small resistor and inductor. However, the actual situation is much more complex, especially since the battery's impedance changes with time and DC level. The measured impedance is valid only for the specific measurement state. (7) Charge/discharge rate: There are two representation methods: hour rate and C-rate. The hour rate expresses the charge/discharge rate in terms of charge/discharge time; numerically, it equals the battery's rated capacity (ampere-hours) divided by the specified charge/discharge current (amperes), resulting in hours. The C-rate is another way to express the charge/discharge rate, and its value is the reciprocal of the hour rate. The discharge rate of a primary battery is expressed by the time taken to discharge through a fixed resistor to the cutoff voltage. The discharge rate has a significant impact on battery performance. (8) Service life: Storage life refers to the maximum allowable storage time from battery manufacture to the start of use, measured in years. The total period, including the storage period and the usage period, is called the battery's validity period. The storage life of batteries is divided into dry storage life and wet storage life. Cycle life is the maximum number of charge/discharge cycles a rechargeable battery can achieve under specified conditions. When specifying cycle life, the charge/discharge cycle test protocol must also be specified, including charge/discharge rate, depth of discharge, and ambient temperature range. (9) Self-discharge rate: The rate at which a battery loses capacity on its own during storage. It is expressed as the percentage of capacity lost due to self-discharge during a unit storage time relative to the capacity before storage.

GENERALELECTRIC electrical component classification

Classification by material: a, Wire-wound resistors are made by winding resistance wire around an insulating skeleton, coated with a heat-resistant glaze insulation layer or insulating paint. Wire-wound resistors have a low temperature coefficient, high resistance accuracy, good stability, heat resistance, and corrosion resistance. They are mainly used as precision high-power resistors. The disadvantages are poor high-frequency performance and a large time constant. b, Carbon composition resistors are made by pressing carbon and synthetic plastic together. c, Carbon film resistors are made by depositing a layer of carbon on a ceramic tube, specifically by depositing crystalline carbon on a ceramic rod skeleton. Carbon film resistors are low-cost, stable in performance, have a wide resistance range, and have low temperature and voltage coefficients. They are currently the most widely used resistors. d, Metal film resistors are made by depositing a layer of metal on a ceramic tube, using vacuum evaporation to deposit alloy material onto the surface of a ceramic rod skeleton. Metal film resistors have higher accuracy, better stability, lower noise, and a smaller temperature coefficient than carbon film resistors. They are widely used in instruments and communication equipment. e, Metal oxide film resistors are made by depositing a layer of tin oxide on a ceramic tube, depositing a layer of metal oxide on an insulating rod. Since the material itself is an oxide, it is stable at high temperatures, resistant to thermal shock, and has strong load capacity. Classified by application, there are general-purpose, precision, high-frequency, high-voltage, high-resistance, high-power, and resistor networks.

GENERALELECTRIC electrical component structure

Inductors are generally composed of a skeleton, windings, shielding covers, encapsulation materials, magnetic cores, or iron cores. 1, Skeleton: The skeleton generally refers to the support for winding the coil. For some larger fixed inductors or adjustable inductors (such as oscillator coils, choke coils, etc.), enameled wire (or silk-covered wire) is mostly wound around the skeleton, and then a magnetic core, copper core, or iron core is inserted into the inner cavity of the skeleton to increase its inductance. Skeletons are usually made of plastic, bakelite, or ceramic, and can be made into different shapes according to actual needs. Small inductors (such as color-coded inductors) generally do not use a skeleton but instead wind the enameled wire directly onto the magnetic core. Air-core inductors (also known as formless coils or air coils, mostly used in high-frequency circuits) do not use magnetic cores, skeletons, or shielding covers. Instead, they are wound on a mold first, then the mold is removed, and a certain distance is maintained between the turns of the coil. 2, Winding: The winding refers to a set of coils with specified functions; it is the basic component of an inductor. Windings are divided into single-layer and multi-layer types. Single-layer windings come in two forms: close-wound (wires are wound circle by circle adjacent to each other) and spaced-wound (a certain distance is kept between each turn of wire during winding). Multi-layer windings include layered flat winding, random winding, honeycomb winding, and other methods. 3, Magnetic core and magnetic rod: Magnetic cores and magnetic rods are generally made of materials such as nickel-zinc ferrite or manganese-zinc ferrite. They come in various shapes such as "I" shape, cylindrical, cap-shaped, "E" shape, and pot shape. 4, Iron core: Iron core materials mainly include silicon steel sheets and permalloy. Their shape is mostly "E" type. 5, Shielding cover: To prevent the magnetic field generated by some inductors during operation from affecting the normal operation of other circuits and components, a metal shielding cover is added (such as the oscillator coil in semiconductor radios). Inductors with shielding covers will increase coil losses, reducing the Q value. 7, Encapsulation material: Some inductors (such as color-coded inductors, color-ring inductors, etc.) are sealed with encapsulation materials after winding to enclose the coil and magnetic core. Encapsulation materials include plastic or epoxy resin.

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