GISMA electrical components Germany GISMA model GISMA price

GISMA electrical components are semiconductor transistors, also known as bipolar junction transistors or crystal triodes, which are semiconductor devices that control current. Their function is to amplify weak signals into electrical signals with larger amplitudes, and they are also used as contactless switches. Transistors are one of the basic semiconductor components, have current amplification capabilities, and are core components of electronic circuits. A transistor is made by fabricating two closely spaced PN junctions on a single semiconductor substrate; these two PN junctions divide the entire semiconductor into three parts: the middle part is the base region, and the two side parts are the emitter region and the collector region. There are two types of arrangements: PNP and NPN.

GISMA electrical component principle

Photoelectric sensors generally consist of 2 parts: processing channels and processing elements. Their basic principle is based on the photoelectric effect, converting changes in the measured quantity into changes in optical signals, and then further converting non-electrical signals into electrical signals via photoelectric elements. The photoelectric effect refers to the phenomenon where illuminating an object can be viewed as a series of photons with specific energy bombarding the object; at this time, the photon energy is transferred to electrons, and the entire energy of one photon is absorbed by one electron at once. After gaining the energy transferred by the photon, the state of the electron changes, thereby causing corresponding electrical effects in the illuminated object. The photoelectric effect is usually divided into 10 categories: ① The phenomenon where electrons escape from the surface of an object under the action of light is called the external photoelectric effect, such as in phototubes and photomultiplier tubes; ② The phenomenon where the resistivity of an object changes under the action of light is called the internal photoelectric effect, such as in photoresistors and phototransistors; ③ The phenomenon where an object generates an electromotive force in a certain direction under the action of light is called the photovoltaic effect, such as in photocells. Photoelectric detection methods have advantages such as high precision, fast response, and non-contact operation, and can measure many parameters. With simple sensor structures and flexible forms, photoelectric sensors are widely used in detection and control. Photoelectric sensors are key components for achieving photoelectric conversion in various photoelectric detection systems; they are devices that convert optical signals (visible and ultraviolet laser light) into electrical signals. Photoelectric sensors use photoelectric devices as conversion elements. They can be used to detect non-electrical physical quantities that directly cause changes in light intensity, such as light intensity, illuminance, radiation temperature measurement, and gas composition analysis; they can also be used to detect other non-electrical quantities that can be converted into changes in light intensity, such as part diameter, surface roughness, strain, displacement, vibration, speed, acceleration, as well as object shape and working status recognition. Photoelectric sensors have characteristics such as non-contact operation, fast response, and reliable performance, so they are widely used in industrial automation devices and robots. The continuous emergence of new photoelectric devices, especially the birth of CCD image sensors, has opened a new chapter for the further application of photoelectric sensors.

GISMA electrical component characteristics

① A loudspeaker has two terminals (two lead wires). When a single loudspeaker is used, the two pins do not distinguish between positive and negative polarity; when multiple loudspeakers are used simultaneously, the two pins have polarity distinctions. ② A loudspeaker has a paper cone, which is usually black, but can also be white. ③ Loudspeakers come in several major shapes, including circular, square, and oval. ④ Behind the loudspeaker paper cone is a magnet. When a metal screwdriver touches the magnet of an external-magnet loudspeaker, the presence of magnetism can be felt; this sensation is not present in internal-magnet loudspeakers, but there is indeed a magnet inside the housing. ⑤ Loudspeakers are mounted on machine panels or inside speaker enclosures.

GISMA electrical component classification

Oscillators are mainly divided into RC, LC oscillators, and crystal oscillators. 1. RC oscillators that use an RC network as the frequency-selective phase-shift network are collectively referred to as RC sinusoidal oscillators, belonging to audio oscillators. 2. LC oscillators that use an LC resonant circuit as the phase-shift and frequency-selective network for positive feedback are called LC oscillators. 3. Crystal oscillators are oscillators whose oscillation frequency is controlled by a quartz crystal. 13. A temperature coefficient oscillator refers to an oscillator where there is a specific relationship between its oscillation frequency and temperature, meaning different temperatures correspond to different oscillation frequencies. Conversely, by measuring the output frequency of the oscillator, the temperature value can be determined.

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