graesslin electrical components, German graesslin models, graesslin pricing

graesslin electrical components are among the earliest devices for amplifying electrical signals. The cathode electron emission section, control grid, accelerating grid, and anode (plate) leads, enclosed in a glass container (typically a glass tube), are welded to the tube base. An electric field is used to inject electrons into the control grid in a vacuum to modulate the signal, and different parameter signal data after signal amplification or feedback oscillation are obtained at the anode. Initially applied in electronic products such as televisions, radios, and amplifiers, they were gradually replaced by amplifiers and integrated circuits made from semiconductor materials, but in some high-fidelity audio equipment, vacuum tubes with low noise and high stability coefficients are still used as audio power amplification devices (in Hong Kong, vacuum tube power amplifiers are referred to as "tube amplifiers").

graesslin electrical component principles

Based on differences in intended use, various types of thermometers have been designed and manufactured. The design principles include: the phenomenon of thermal expansion and contraction of solids, liquids, and gases under the influence of temperature; under constant volume conditions, the pressure of a gas (or vapor) changes with temperature; the thermoelectric effect; the variation of electrical resistance with temperature; the influence of thermal radiation; etc. 1. Gas thermometer: Hydrogen or helium is mostly used as the temperature-sensing medium, because the liquefaction temperatures of hydrogen and helium are very low, close to absolute zero, so its temperature measurement range is very wide. This type of thermometer has high accuracy and is mostly used for precision measurements. 2. Resistance thermometer: Divided into metal resistance thermometers and semiconductor resistance thermometers, both are made based on the characteristic that electrical resistance varies with temperature. Metal thermometers mainly use pure metals such as platinum, gold, copper, and nickel, as well as rhodium-iron and phosphor bronze alloys; semiconductor thermometers mainly use carbon, germanium, etc. Resistance thermometers are convenient and reliable to use and have been widely applied. 3. Thermocouple thermometer: It is a temperature measuring instrument widely used in industry. It is made using the thermoelectric effect. Two different metal wires are welded together to form the measuring junction, and the other ends are connected to the measuring instrument to form a circuit. Place the measuring junction at the location where the temperature is to be measured. When the temperature of the measuring junction differs from that of the reference junction, an electromotive force will appear, Therefore, current flows through the circuit. By measuring electrical quantities, using the temperature at a known location, the temperature at another location can be determined. It is suitable for use between two substances with a large temperature difference, and is often used for high-temperature and low-turbidity measurements. 4. Dial thermometer: a thermometer shaped like an instrument panel, also called a room thermometer, used to measure room temperature, made based on the principle of thermal expansion and contraction of metals. It uses a bimetallic strip as the temperature-sensing element, to control the pointer. The bimetallic strip is usually made by riveting a copper strip and an iron strip together, with the copper strip on the left, and the iron strip on the right. Since the thermal expansion and contraction effect of copper is much more pronounced than that of iron, when the temperature rises, the copper strip pulls the iron strip to bend to the right, and the pointer, driven by the bimetallic strip, deflects to the right (pointing to high temperature); conversely, when the temperature drops, the pointer, driven by the bimetallic strip, deflects to the left. 5. Glass tube thermometer: A glass tube thermometer measures temperature based on the principle of thermal expansion and contraction. Due to the differences in the expansion coefficient, boiling point, and freezing point of the temperature-measuring medium, Therefore, the commonly used glass tube thermometers mainly include: kerosene thermometers, mercury thermometers, and red fountain pen ink thermometers. Its advantages are simple structure, ease of use, relatively high measurement accuracy, and low price. The disadvantages are that the upper and lower measurement limits and accuracy are limited by the quality of the glass and the properties of the temperature-measuring medium. It cannot transmit signals over long distances, and is fragile. 6. Pressure thermometer: A pressure thermometer uses the liquid in a closed container, gas, or saturated vapor to generate volume expansion or pressure changes upon heating as the measurement signal. Its basic structure consists of three parts: the temperature bulb, capillary tube, and indicator gauge. The advantages of pressure thermometers are: simple structure, high mechanical strength, resistance to vibration. Low price, no need for external power. Disadvantages: limited temperature measurement range; large heat loss and slow response time. 13. Mercury thermometers are a type of expansion thermometer, they can only be used as local monitoring instruments. Using them to measure temperature is not only simple and intuitive, but also avoids the errors associated with remote transmission thermometers.

graesslin electrical component functions

Relays are automatic switching components with isolation functions, widely used in remote control, telemetry, communications, automatic control, mechatronics, and power electronic equipment, and are among the most important control components. Relays generally have a sensing mechanism (input part) that can respond to certain input variables (such as current, voltage, power, impedance, frequency, temperature, pressure, speed, light, etc.); an actuating mechanism (output part) that can implement "on" and "off" control of the controlled circuit; and between the input and output parts of the relay, there is an intermediate mechanism (drive part) for coupling and isolating the input, processing functions, and driving the output part. As control components, relays generally have the following functions: (1) Expanding control range: For example, when the control signal of a multi-contact relay reaches a certain value, it can simultaneously switch, disconnect, and connect multiple circuits according to different forms of contact groups. (2) Amplification: For example, sensitive relays and intermediate relays can control high-power circuits with a very small control quantity. (3) Signal integration: For example, when multiple control signals are input into a multi-winding relay in a prescribed form, comparison and integration achieve the predetermined control effect. (4) Automatic, remote control, and monitoring: For example, relays on automatic devices, together with other electrical appliances, can form program control circuits to achieve automated operation.

graesslin electrical component applications

Metal waveguides and metal resonant cavities are widely used in decimeter waves, centimeter waves, and longer millimeter-wave bands. Since the cross-section of the waveguide and the dimensions of the resonant cavity are close to the wavelength, the dimensions of metal waveguides and resonant cavities are too small and difficult to manufacture. It is even more impossible to apply metal waveguides or resonant cavities in the infrared or visible light bands, where wavelengths are on the micrometer scale. For this reason, dielectric waveguides and dielectric resonators have rapidly developed and gained widespread application. Although the dimensions of dielectric waveguides and dielectric resonators are also on a scale comparable to the wavelength, they are easy to fabricate into tiny sizes using microfabrication techniques. For example, optical fibers and optical waveguides with cross-sectional dimensions on the micrometer scale belong to dielectric waveguides. The fields in metal waveguides can be viewed as caused by plane waves reflecting back and forth between conductor surfaces, and the fields in dielectric waveguides can also be viewed as caused by total reflection of electromagnetic waves between dielectric interfaces. Therefore, a dense medium surrounded by a sparse medium forms a dielectric waveguide. In an ideal metal waveguide, the electromagnetic field forms a standing wave transversely, and outside the waveguide boundary, it approximates an ideal conductor with no electromagnetic field. In a dielectric waveguide, the electromagnetic field forms a standing wave transversely, but an electromagnetic field still exists outside the dielectric waveguide, which decreases exponentially transversely, known as an evanescent field. In a metal waveguide filled with a homogeneous medium, TE modes and TM modes can individually satisfy the short-circuit boundary conditions of the waveguide walls, so TE modes and TM modes can always be separated, and both can propagate in the metal waveguide. When a metal waveguide is filled with more than two media, or partially filled with dielectric, the electromagnetic field must satisfy not only the boundary conditions on the conductor walls but also the continuity conditions at the media interfaces. In the case of uniform filling with more than two media, only mixed modes of TE and TM, i.e., HEM modes, can exist. After understanding the above content, we can further explore dielectric resonators. As early as 1939, the concept and theory of dielectric resonators were proposed, but due to the lack of suitable dielectric materials, this theory remained dormant for over 20 years without practical development. It was not until the 20th century, in the 60s, that the successful development of high-dielectric-constant ceramics such as rutile ceramic (ε≈80100) brought dielectric resonators back into attention. However, the high temperature coefficient of rutile ceramic limited its practical application. In the 20th century, 70s, barium titanate-based and zirconium titanate-based ceramics were developed. Their high dielectric constant, low loss, and low temperature coefficient made dielectric resonators practical. Dielectric resonators have advantages such as small size, light weight, high quality factor, and good stability. They are particularly suitable for application in microstrip circuits or microwave integrated circuits and in the millimeter-wave band, receiving significant attention and developing rapidly. When the dielectric constant is very high, the interface between the dielectric and air approximates an open circuit, and the reflection coefficient of electromagnetic waves at the interface approaches 2. At this point, the surface of the dielectric resonator can be regarded as an open-circuit wall, i.e., a magnetic wall. Thus, the dielectric resonator becomes a closed system with homogeneous boundary conditions, i.e., an equivalent open-circuit wall (magnetic wall) resonant cavity.

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