GROTHEELEKTRO electrical components Germany GROTHEELEKTRO model GROTHEELEKTRO price

GROTHEELEKTRO electrical components are common light-emitting devices that emit light by releasing energy through electron-hole recombination, and they are widely used in the lighting field. Light-emitting diodes can efficiently convert electrical energy into light energy and have extensive applications in modern society, such as lighting, flat-panel displays, and medical devices. This electronic component first appeared in 1962, initially emitting only low-intensity red light. Later, versions emitting other monochromatic lights were developed, covering visible light, infrared, and ultraviolet spectra, with significantly increased luminous intensity. Their applications have expanded from initial uses as indicator lights and display panels; light-emitting diodes are abbreviated as LED. They are made from compounds containing gallium, arsenic, phosphorus, nitrogen, etc. When electrons and holes recombine, they emit visible light, allowing them to be used to manufacture light-emitting diodes. In circuits and instruments, they serve as indicator lights or form character and numeric displays. Gallium arsenide diodes emit red light, gallium phosphide diodes emit green light, silicon carbide diodes emit yellow light, and gallium nitride diodes emit blue light. Based on chemical properties, they are divided into organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) and inorganic light-emitting diodes (LED). LED was initially used for indicative lighting in instruments and meters, later expanding to traffic signals, landscape lighting, automotive lighting, and mobile phone keypads and backlights. Later, new technology for micro-LEDs (micro-LED) was developed, significantly reducing the size of traditional LEDs. Arrays of independently emitting red, blue, and green micro-LEDs are used in display technology. Micro-LEDs feature self-emissive display characteristics, offering higher efficiency, longer lifespan, and greater stability against environmental influences compared to self-emissive organic light-emitting diodes.

GROTHEELEKTRO electrical component structure

1. LCD panel: The LCD panel includes a polarizing film, glass substrates, black matrix, color filters, protective film, common electrodes, alignment layer, liquid crystal layer (liquid crystal, spacers, sealant), capacitors, display electrodes, prism layer, and diffuser layer. The polarizing film, also known as a polarizer, consists of an upper and a lower polarizer. Their polarization axes are perpendicular to each other, acting like a grille to block light wave components perpendicular to the axis while allowing only parallel components to pass. 2. Glass substrate: In liquid crystal displays, glass substrates are divided into upper and lower substrates, primarily serving to hold the liquid crystal material in the space between them. The material is typically alkali-free borosilicate glass with excellent mechanical properties, heat resistance, and chemical corrosion resistance. For TFT-LCD, one glass substrate is distributed with TFT, while the other is deposited with color filters. 3. Black matrix: The black matrix uses highly light-blocking materials to separate the red, green, and blue primary colors in the color filters (preventing color mixing) and prevent light leakage, thereby improving the contrast of each color block. Additionally, in TFT-LCD, the black matrix conceals internal electrode wiring or thin-film transistors. Color filters, also known as color filter membranes, generate 3 primary colors (red, green, blue) to achieve full-color display in LCDs. 4. Alignment layer: Also known as the orientation film or directional layer, its function is to ensure uniform arrangement and orientation of liquid crystal molecules at the microscopic level. 5. Transparent electrodes: These are divided into common electrodes and pixel electrodes. The input signal voltage is applied between the pixel electrode and the common electrode. Transparent electrodes are typically formed by depositing indium tin oxide (ITO) on the glass substrate to create a transparent conductive layer. 6. Liquid crystal material: In LCD, liquid crystal material acts like a light valve, controlling the brightness of transmitted light to achieve information display. 7. Driver IC: The driver IC is a set of integrated circuit chips used to adjust and control the phase, peak value, frequency, etc., of potential signals on the transparent electrodes, establishing a driving electric field to ultimately realize information display on the LCD. In LCD panels, active-matrix LCDs are constructed by sealing twisted nematic (TN) liquid crystal material between two glass substrates. The upper glass substrate (closer to the display surface) is deposited with red, green, and blue (RGB) color filters (or color filter membranes), a black matrix, and a common transparent electrode. The lower glass substrate (farther from the display surface) is equipped with thin-film transistor (TFT) devices, transparent pixel electrodes, storage capacitors, gate lines, signal lines, etc. Alignment layers (or orientation layers) are prepared on the inner sides of both glass substrates to orient the liquid crystal molecules. Liquid crystal material is injected between the substrates, with spacers distributed to ensure uniform gap thickness. The edges are bonded with frame sealant for sealing, and the common electrodes of the upper and lower substrates are connected using silver dot paste technology. Polarizers (or polarizing films) are attached to the outer sides of both glass substrates. When voltage is applied between the pixel transparent electrode and the common transparent electrode, the alignment state of the liquid crystal molecules changes, altering the intensity of incident light passing through the liquid crystal. LCDs utilize the optical rotation property of liquid crystal materials combined with electric field control to achieve information display. 8. Backlight module: LCD products are non-emissive electronic devices that do not possess inherent light-emitting properties; they rely on light emission from the backlight module source to achieve display performance. Therefore, the brightness of LCD is determined by its backlight module. Consequently, the performance of the backlight module directly affects the display quality of the LCD panel. The backlight module includes illumination sources, reflectors, light guide plates, diffuser sheets, brightness enhancement films (prism sheets), and frames. Backlight modules for LCD are mainly categorized into edge-lit and direct-lit types. Mobile phones, laptops, and monitors (15 inches) primarily use edge-lit backlight modules, while LCD TVs mostly use direct-lit backlight module sources. Cold cathode fluorescent lamps and light-emitting diodes are the main backlight sources for LCD. 9. Reflector: Also known as a reflector hood, its main function is to direct all light from the source into the light guide plate, minimizing unnecessary loss. 1. Light guide plate: Its main function is to guide light from the side-mounted source to the front of the panel. 11. Prism sheet: Also known as a brightness enhancement film, its main function is to concentrate scattered light through refraction and total reflection within the film layer, emitting it from the backlight source at specific angles to enhance screen brightness.19. Diffuser sheet: The main function of the diffuser sheet is to correct the edge-lit light from the backlight module into a uniform surface light source to achieve optical diffusion. Diffuser sheets are categorized into upper and lower diffusers. The upper diffuser is located between the prism sheet and the LCD assembly, closer to the display panel. The lower diffuser is located between the light guide plate and the prism sheet, closer to the backlight source.

GROTHEELEKTRO electrical component principle

Based on different application purposes, various types of thermometers have been designed and manufactured. The design principles include: the phenomenon of thermal expansion and contraction of solids, liquids, and gases under temperature influence; the change in pressure of gas (or vapor) at constant volume due to temperature differences; the thermoelectric effect; the variation of electrical resistance with temperature; and the influence of thermal radiation. 1. Gas thermometer: Hydrogen or helium is often used as the temperature-sensing medium because their liquefaction temperatures are very low, close to absolute zero, resulting in a wide measurement range. This type of thermometer offers high accuracy and is commonly used for precision measurements. 2. Resistance thermometer: Divided into metal resistance thermometers and semiconductor resistance thermometers, both are made based on the characteristic that electrical resistance changes with temperature. Metal thermometers mainly use pure metals such as platinum, gold, copper, and nickel, as well as rhodium-iron and phosphor bronze alloys; semiconductor thermometers primarily use carbon, germanium, etc. Resistance thermometers are convenient and reliable, and are widely applied. 3. Thermocouple thermometer: A temperature-measuring instrument widely used in industry. It is made using the thermoelectric effect. Two different metal wires are welded together to form the measuring junction, while the other ends are connected to a measuring instrument to form a circuit. When the measuring junction is placed at the temperature to be measured, an electromotive force is generated if there is a temperature difference between the measuring junction and the reference junction, causing current to flow through the loop. By measuring electrical quantities and knowing the temperature at one point, the temperature at another point can be determined. It is suitable for applications involving large temperature differences between two substances and is often used for high-temperature and low-turbidity measurements. 4. Dial thermometer: A thermometer shaped like an instrument panel, also known as a room thermometer, used to measure ambient temperature. It is made based on the principle of thermal expansion and contraction of metals. It uses a bimetallic strip as the temperature-sensing element to control the pointer. The bimetallic strip is usually made by riveting a copper sheet and an iron sheet together, with the copper sheet on the left and the iron sheet on the right. Since copper exhibits significantly more thermal expansion and contraction than iron, when the temperature rises, the copper sheet pulls the iron sheet to bend to the right, causing the pointer to deflect to the right (indicating high temperature); conversely, when the temperature drops, the pointer deflects to the left under the drive of the bimetallic strip. 5. Glass tube thermometer: Glass tube thermometers utilize the principle of thermal expansion and contraction to measure temperature. Due to differences in the expansion coefficients, boiling points, and freezing points of the sensing media, common glass tube thermometers mainly include kerosene thermometers, mercury thermometers, and red ink thermometers. Their advantages are simple structure, ease of use, relatively high measurement accuracy, and low cost. The disadvantages are that the measurement range and accuracy are limited by the quality of the glass and the properties of the sensing medium. Additionally, they cannot transmit signals over long distances and are fragile. 6. Pressure thermometer: Pressure thermometers use the volume expansion or pressure change of liquid, gas, or saturated vapor in a sealed container upon heating as the measurement signal. Its basic structure consists of three parts: a temperature bulb, a capillary tube, and an indicator gauge. The advantages of pressure thermometers are: simple structure, high mechanical strength, and resistance to vibration. They are low-cost and do not require external power. The disadvantages are: limited temperature measurement range; significant heat loss and slow response time. 13. Mercury thermometer is a type of expansion thermometer and can only be used as a local monitoring instrument. Using it to measure temperature is not only simple and intuitive but also helps avoid errors associated with remote transmission thermometers.

GROTHEELEKTRO electrical component classification

1, Fuse resistor: Also known as a fusible resistor, it serves the dual function of a resistor and a fuse under normal conditions. When a circuit fault causes its power consumption to exceed the rated power, it fuses like a fuse to disconnect the circuit. Fuse resistors generally have low resistance values and low power ratings. 6, Sensitive resistor: Refers to resistors whose resistance values are sensitive to certain physical quantities (such as temperature, humidity, light, voltage, mechanical force, and gas concentration). When these physical quantities change, the resistance value of the sensitive resistor changes accordingly. Based on sensitivity to different physical quantities, sensitive resistors are classified into thermistors, hygristors, photoresistors, varistors, force-sensitive resistors, magnetoresistors, and gas-sensitive resistors. The materials used for sensitive resistors are almost exclusively semiconductors, hence they are also called semiconductor resistors. The resistance of a thermistor changes with temperature; those whose resistance decreases with rising temperature are negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors. NTC thermistors are widely used and can be further divided into general-purpose, voltage-stabilizing, and temperature-measuring NTC thermistors. The resistance of a photoresistor changes with the intensity of incident light; resistance decreases when light intensity increases and increases when light intensity decreases.

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