HAKEL electrical components Germany HAKEL model HAKEL price

HAKEL electrical components refer to devices that convert chemical energy into electrical energy, consisting of cups, tanks, or other containers or part of the space of composite containers holding electrolyte solutions and metal electrodes to generate current. They have positive and negative terminals. With technological advancements, batteries generally refer to small devices capable of generating electrical energy, such as solar cells. Key performance parameters of batteries include electromotive force, capacity, specific energy, and resistance. Using batteries as an energy source provides stable voltage, stable current, long-term stable power supply, and current minimally affected by external factors. Batteries also feature a simple structure, are portable, easy to charge and discharge, unaffected by external climate and temperature, and offer stable and reliable performance, playing a significant role in various aspects of modern social life.

HAKEL electrical component parameters

The main parameters of transistors include current amplification factor, dissipation power, frequency characteristics, maximum collector current, maximum reverse voltage, and reverse current. Amplification factor: The DC current amplification factor, also known as the static current amplification factor or DC amplification ratio, is the ratio of the transistor's collector current to the base current when no changing signal is input under static conditions. AC amplification factor: The AC amplification factor, also known as the AC current amplification factor or dynamic current amplification factor, is the ratio of the change in the transistor's collector current to the change in base current under AC conditions. Dissipation power: Dissipation power, also referred to as the maximum allowable collector dissipation power PCM, is the maximum collector dissipation power when transistor parameter changes do not exceed specified allowable values. Dissipation power is closely related to the transistor's maximum allowable junction temperature and maximum collector current. During use, the actual power consumption of the transistor must not exceed the PCM value; otherwise, the transistor may be damaged due to overload. When the transistor's operating frequency exceeds the cutoff frequency, its current amplification factor decreases as the frequency increases. The maximum oscillation frequency is the frequency at which the transistor's power gain drops to 6. Typically, the maximum oscillation frequency of high-frequency transistors is lower than the common-base cutoff frequency, while the characteristic frequency is higher than the common-base cutoff frequency but lower than the common-collector cutoff frequency. Maximum current: The maximum collector current refers to the maximum current allowed to pass through the transistor's collector. Maximum reverse voltage: The maximum reverse voltage refers to the highest working voltage allowed to be applied to the transistor during operation. It includes the collector-emitter reverse breakdown voltage, collector-base reverse breakdown voltage, and emitter-base reverse breakdown voltage. The collector reverse breakdown voltage refers to the maximum allowable reverse voltage between the collector and emitter when the transistor base is open. The base reverse breakdown voltage refers to the maximum allowable reverse voltage between the collector and base when the transistor emitter is open. The emitter reverse breakdown voltage refers to the maximum allowable reverse voltage between the emitter and base when the transistor collector is open. The reverse current between the bases, also known as the collector junction reverse leakage current, refers to the reverse current between the collector and base when the transistor emitter is open. The reverse breakdown current between the emitters refers to the reverse leakage current between the collector and emitter when the transistor base is open, also known as the penetration current. A smaller value of this current indicates better transistor performance.

HAKEL electrical component composition

A diode is composed of a PN junction with corresponding electrode leads and package casing. Using different doping processes and diffusion, P-type semiconductors and N-type semiconductors are fabricated on the same semiconductor substrate (usually silicon or germanium), forming a space charge region at their interface called the PN junction. The electrode led from the P region is called the anode, and the electrode led from the N region is called the cathode. Due to the unidirectional conductivity of the PN junction, when the diode conducts, the current flows from the anode through the interior of the tube to the cathode. A diode has two electrodes: the electrode led from the P region is the positive terminal, also called the anode; the electrode led from the N region is the negative terminal, also called the cathode.

HAKEL electrical component composition

Internal accessories of circuit breakers: Auxiliary contacts are contacts mechanically linked to the opening and closing mechanism of the circuit breaker's main circuit, primarily used to display the open/closed status of the circuit breaker. Connected to the control circuit of the circuit breaker, they implement control or interlocking of related electrical appliances through the opening and closing of the circuit breaker. Alarm contacts are used for accident alarms in circuit breakers. These contacts only act after the circuit breaker trips and opens, primarily when the load experiences faults such as overload, short circuit, or undervoltage, causing free tripping. The alarm contact switches from its normally open position to a closed position, connecting indicator lights, electric bells, buzzers, etc., in the auxiliary circuit to display or remind of the circuit breaker's fault trip status. Since the probability of free tripping due to load faults is relatively low. Shunt trip release: A shunt trip release is a trip device energized by a voltage source, independent of the main circuit voltage. It is an accessory for remote opening operation. When the power supply voltage is any value between 70% and 110% of the rated control power supply voltage, the circuit breaker can reliably open. The shunt trip release operates in short-time duty; the coil energization time generally must not exceed 9S, otherwise the coil will burn out. To prevent coil burnout in molded case circuit breakers, a microswitch is connected in series with the shunt trip coil. When the shunt trip release engages via the armature, the microswitch switches from normally closed to normally open. Since the control circuit for the shunt trip release power is cut off, even if the button is manually pressed, the shunt coil will not be energized, avoiding coil damage. After the circuit breaker recloses, the microswitch returns to the normally closed position. Undervoltage release: An undervoltage release is a trip device that causes the circuit breaker to open with or without delay when its terminal voltage drops to a specified range. Under thermal conditions, it must ensure reliable closing of the circuit breaker. Therefore, when a certain voltage drop occurs in the protected circuit's power supply voltage, it can automatically open the circuit breaker to cut off power, protecting downstream load appliances or electrical equipment from undervoltage damage. During use, the undervoltage release coil is connected to the power side of the circuit breaker; the circuit breaker can only close after the undervoltage release is energized.

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