HLSYSTEM electrical components German HLSYSTEM models HLSYSTEM prices

HLSYSTEM electrical components are devices that provide detachable (active) connections between optical fibers. They precisely align the end faces of two fibers to maximize the coupling of light energy from the transmitting fiber into the receiving fiber, while minimizing the impact on the system caused by their insertion into the optical link. This is the basic requirement for fiber optic connectors. To a certain extent, fiber optic connectors affect the reliability and various performance metrics of optical transmission systems.

HLSYSTEM electrical component classification

Fuses can be divided into high-voltage fuses and low-voltage fuses based on operating voltage. Based on the protected object, they can be classified as fuses for protecting transformers and general electrical equipment, fuses for protecting voltage transformers, fuses for protecting power capacitors, fuses for protecting semiconductor components, fuses for protecting motors, and fuses for protecting household appliances. Based on structure, they can be classified as open-type, semi-enclosed, tube-type, and expulsion-type fuses. Open-type fuses have a simple structure, with the fusible element fully exposed to the air and supported by porcelain pillars without a base, making them suitable for low-voltage outdoor use. Interrupting current generates significant noise and light in the atmosphere. Semi-enclosed fuses have the fusible element mounted on a porcelain frame, inserted into a porcelain box with metal sockets at both ends, suitable for low-voltage indoor use. The porcelain box contains the noise and light generated during current interruption. Tube-type fuses have the fusible element installed inside the fuse body, which is then inserted into a base or directly connected to the circuit. The fuse element is a fully sealed insulating tube with metal caps or contact blades at both ends. If the insulating tube of this type of fuse is filled with quartz sand, it has a current-limiting effect during current interruption, greatly improving the breaking capacity, hence it is also called a high-breaking-capacity fuse. If the tube is evacuated, it is called a vacuum fuse. If the tube is filled with SF6 gas, it is called an SF6 fuse, aimed at improving arc-extinguishing performance. Since quartz sand, vacuum, and SF11 gas all have good insulation properties, this type of fuse is suitable for both low and high voltages. Expulsion-type fuses have the fusible element installed in an insulating tube made of solid gas-generating material. Solid gas-generating materials can include electrical anti-white cardboard or organic glass materials. When short-circuit current passes through the fusible element, it melts immediately, generating an electric arc. The high-temperature arc causes the solid gas-generating material to rapidly decompose, producing a large amount of high-pressure gas, which expels the ionized gas and arc from both ends of the tube, emitting intense noise and light, and extinguishing the arc at the zero-crossing of the AC current to interrupt the current. The insulating tube is usually mounted on an insulating support to form the complete fuse. Sometimes the upper end of the insulating tube is designed to be movable, detaching and dropping immediately after current interruption. This type of expulsion fuse is commonly known as a drop-out fuse.

HLSYSTEM electrical component structure

The basic structure of a voltage transformer is very similar to that of a transformer; it also has two windings, one called the primary winding and the other called the secondary winding. Both windings are mounted on or wound around the iron core. There is insulation between the two windings and between the windings and the iron core, providing electrical isolation between the two windings and between the windings and the iron core. During operation, the primary winding N1 is connected in parallel to the line, and the secondary winding N8 is connected in parallel to instruments or relays. Therefore, when measuring voltage on high-voltage lines, although the primary voltage is very high, the secondary side is low voltage, ensuring the safety of operators and instruments.

HLSYSTEM electrical component structure

1. The cathode of an electron tube is the component used to emit electrons, divided into oxide cathodes and thoriated tungsten carbide cathodes. Generally, oxide cathodes are indirectly heated, using a specialized filament to heat the cathode body coated with barium oxide, etc., for thermionic emission. Thoriated tungsten carbide cathodes are generally directly heated, producing thermionic emission upon heating, so they serve as both filament and cathode. Theoretically, thoriated tungsten carbide cathodes have a much longer lifespan than oxide cathodes. Thoriated tungsten carbide cathodes are most widely used in high-power transmitter tubes, while oxide cathodes are generally used in transmitter tubes with output power below 1kW. Mesh cathodes are made into a cylindrical shape using thinner thoriated tungsten wires. Their advantages are: (1) Because they are woven from many thoriated tungsten wires, they have a larger permeance coefficient. (2) It is easier to achieve smaller cathode-grid spacing, which helps improve transconductance. (3) Because the filament has a mesh structure, the current in each single filament is smaller, the local magnetic field is weaker, and thus the AC hum generated by the cathode current is also smaller. 2. The grids of electron tubes are divided into first grid and second grid based on their roles in the tube, sometimes also called control grid and screen grid. The main role of the first grid is to control cathode current, while the role of the second grid is to shield the first grid from the influence of the plate. The grid structure relates to its own mechanical strength and heat dissipation effect, and determines whether the tube can work stably. To reduce electron transit time, the grid-cathode spacing is made very short, even less than 1mm, so manufacturers often use materials with high mechanical strength, high thermal conductivity, good radiation coefficient, and high melting point to make the grids, to avoid thermal contact between electrodes at such small spacings. The first and second grids should be strictly aligned, so that the screen grid captures fewer electrons, reducing screen grid dissipation, improving current distribution and linearity. 14. The anode of an electron tube is the electrode that collects most of the electrons emitted by the cathode. During operation, due to electron bombardment of the plate surface and thermal radiation from other electrodes, a large amount of heat is generated at the plate. Since the power dissipation density of the plate is tens to hundreds of watts per square centimeter, natural radiation or conduction cooling is no longer sufficient for such high power densities. Therefore, forced cooling methods must be used. Common methods include air cooling, water cooling, and evaporative cooling.

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