humax electrical components Germany humax model humax price

humax electrical component is a resistive device with nonlinear volt-ampere characteristics, mainly used for voltage clamping when the circuit is subjected to overvoltage, absorbing excess current to protect sensitive devices. The resistive body material of the varistor is semiconductor, so it is a type of semiconductor resistor. The currently widely used "zinc oxide" varistor has a main body composed of divalent element zinc and hexavalent element oxygen. Therefore, from a material perspective, the zinc oxide varistor is a "II-VI group oxide semiconductor". In Taiwan, China, varistors are called "surge absorbers", sometimes also referred to as "electric shock (surge) suppressors (absorbers)". A varistor is a voltage-limiting protection device. Utilizing the nonlinear characteristics of the varistor, when an overvoltage appears between the two poles of the varistor, the varistor can clamp the voltage to a relatively fixed voltage value, thereby achieving protection for the subsequent circuit. The main parameters of a varistor include: varistor voltage, current handling capacity, junction capacitance, response time, etc. The response time of a varistor is at the ns level, faster than a gas discharge tube, and slightly slower than a TVS tube. Generally, its response speed can meet the requirements for overvoltage protection in electronic circuits. The junction capacitance of a varistor is generally in the range of hundreds to thousands of Pf, and in many cases it is not suitable for direct application in the protection of high-frequency signal lines. When applied in AC circuit protection, because its larger junction capacitance will increase leakage current, this needs to be fully considered in the design of protection circuits. The current handling capacity of a varistor is relatively large, but smaller than that of a gas discharge tube. The varistor is abbreviated as VDR, and is a voltage-sensitive nonlinear overvoltage protection semiconductor component.

humax electrical component parameters

1. Stable voltage refers to the stable voltage value generated across the Zener diode when it passes the rated current. This value changes slightly with different operating currents and temperatures. Due to differences in manufacturing processes, the stabilization voltage of Zener diodes of the same model is not completely consistent. 2. Reverse leakage current refers to the current value passing through the Zener diode when it generates a stable voltage. Below this value, although the Zener diode can still stabilize voltage, the stabilization effect will deteriorate; above this value, as long as the rated power dissipation is not exceeded, it is allowed, and the stabilization performance will be better, but it will consume more electrical energy. 3. Dynamic resistance refers to the ratio of the change in voltage across the Zener diode to the change in current. This ratio changes with different operating currents; generally, the larger the operating current, the smaller the dynamic resistance. 4. Rated power dissipation is determined by the allowable temperature rise of the chip, and its value is the product of the stable voltage and the maximum allowable current. 5. Temperature coefficient: If the temperature of the Zener diode changes, its stable voltage will also undergo slight changes. The relative change in voltage across the tube caused by a temperature change of 1℃ is the temperature coefficient (unit: %/℃). Generally speaking, stabilization voltages below 6V belong to Zener breakdown, and the temperature coefficient is negative; the temperature coefficient is positive. When the temperature rises, the depletion layer decreases. In the depletion layer, the valence electrons of atoms rise to higher energy levels, and a smaller electric field strength can excite valence electrons from atoms to produce Zener breakdown, so its temperature coefficient is negative. Avalanche breakdown occurs when the depletion layer is wider and the electric field strength is lower. An increase in temperature increases the vibration amplitude of lattice atoms, hindering the movement of carriers. In this case, only by increasing the reverse voltage can avalanche breakdown occur, so the voltage temperature coefficient of avalanche breakdown is positive. For occasions with high power supply requirements, two Zener diodes with opposite temperature coefficients can be connected in series for compensation. Due to mutual compensation, the temperature coefficient is greatly reduced. 16. Reverse leakage current refers to the leakage current generated by the Zener diode under the specified reverse voltage.

humax electrical component applications

The most basic application of a ordinary thyristor is controlled rectification. The familiar diode rectifier circuit belongs to uncontrolled rectifier circuits. If the diode is replaced with a thyristor, a controlled rectifier circuit can be formed. Taking the simplest single-phase half-wave controlled rectifier circuit as an example, during the positive half-cycle of the sinusoidal AC voltage U2, if the gate of VS does not receive a trigger pulse Ug, VS still cannot conduct. Only when U2 is in the positive half-cycle and a trigger pulse Ug is applied externally to the gate, the thyristor is triggered to conduct. Draw its waveforms (c) and (d); only when the trigger pulse Ug arrives, will there be voltage UL output on the load RL. If Ug arrives early, the thyristor conducts earlier; if Ug arrives late, the thyristor conducts later. By changing the arrival time of the trigger pulse Ug on the gate, the average value of the output voltage UL on the load can be adjusted. In electrical engineering technology, half a cycle of AC is often defined as 180°, called the electrical angle. Thus, in each positive half-cycle of U2, the electrical angle experienced from the zero value to the instant the trigger pulse arrives is called the control angle α; the electrical angle during which the thyristor conducts in each positive half-cycle is called the conduction angle θ. Obviously, both α and θ are used to represent the conduction or blocking range of the thyristor during the half-cycle of forward voltage. By changing the control angle α or conduction angle θ, the average value of the pulsed DC voltage UL on the load is changed, achieving controlled rectification. Low-power plastic-sealed bidirectional triacs are usually used in sound and light control lighting systems. Rated current is less than 8A. Large and medium-power plastic-sealed and iron-sealed thyristors are usually used in power-type controllable voltage regulation circuits, such as adjustable output DC power supplies, etc. High-power high-frequency thyristors are usually used in industry, such as high-frequency melting furnaces.

humax electrical component principle

The absorption film irradiated by infrared rays is a thin film with small heat capacity and easy temperature rise. Directly below the center of the substrate is a cavity structure, the design of which ensures a temperature difference between the cold end and the measuring end. The thermocouple is composed of polysilicon and aluminum, connected in series. When the temperature of the measuring ends of each thermocouple rises, a thermal electromotive force Vn is generated between the thermocouples, so the sum of their voltages can be obtained at the output terminal.

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